ABSTRACT
Congenital syphilis (CS) remains a major health problem worldwide. Children born with CS can present with variable symptoms that can mimic other disease processes. This report describes the case of a 4-month-old infant who presented with the left wrist swelling and distal radial fracture, causing concern for non-accidental trauma (NAT). An osseous survey showed additional findings and led to the correct diagnosis. Although radiographic features of NAT may overlap with CS, certain features such as bilaterally symmetrical skeletal involvement and metaphyseal destruction, as seen in our case, can help distinguish between the two.
ABSTRACT
Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) is a well-established, sensitive and safe ultrasound (US) modality for detecting and grading vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and urethral imaging in children. Nearly three decades of remarkable advances in US technology and US contrast agents have refined ceVUS's diagnostic potential. The recent approval of Lumason/SonoVue in the United States, Europe and China for pediatric intravesical applications marked the beginning of a new era for this type of contrast US imaging. Consequently, the use of ceVUS in children has expanded to multiple places around the globe. In the first part of this review article, we describe the current experience in the use of ceVUS for VUR evaluation, with an emphasis on historical background, examination technique, image interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. In the second part, we will present the role of ceVUS for urethral imaging in children.
