Predictive power of 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure and its components for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in 11 848 participants recruited from 13 populations.

BACKGROUND: The role of pulse pressure (PP) 'widening' at older and younger age as a cardiovascular risk factor is still controversial. Mean PP, as determined from repeated blood pressure (BP) readings, can be expressed as a sum of two components: 'elastic PP' (elPP) and 'stiffening PP' (stPP) associated, respectively, with stiffness at the diastole and its relative change during the systole. We investigated the association of 24-h ambulatory PP, elPP, and stPP ('PP variables') with mortality and composite cardiovascular events in different age classes. METHOD: Longitudinal population-based cohort study of adults with baseline observations that included 24-h ambulatory BP. Age classes were age 40 or less, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, and over 70 years. Co-primary endpoints were total mortality and composite cardiovascular events. The relative risk expressed by hazard ratio per 1SD increase for each of the PP variables was calculated from multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models. RESULTS: The 11 848 participants from 13 cohorts (age 53 ±â€Š16 years, 50% men) were followed for up for 13.7 ±â€Š6.7 years. A total of 2946 participants died (18.1 per 1000 person-years) and 2093 experienced a fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event (12.9 per 1000 person-years). Mean PP, elPP, and stPP were, respectively, 49.7, 43.5, and 6.2 mmHg, and elPP and stPP were uncorrelated ( r  = -0.07). At age 50-60 years, all PP variables displayed association with risk for almost all outcomes. From age over 60 years to age over 70 years, hazard ratios of of PP and elPP were similar and decreased gradually but differently for pulse rate lower than or higher than 70 bpm, whereas stPP lacked predictive power in most cases. For age 40 years or less, elPP showed protective power for coronary events, whereas stPP and PP predicted stroke events. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratio variations were similar over the entire age range. CONCLUSION: This study provides a new basis for associating PP components with outcome and arterial properties in different age groups and at different pulse rates for both old and young age. The similarity between adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios supports the clinical usefulness of PP components but further studies are needed to assess the prognostic significance of the PP components, especially at the young age.

Isolated Diastolic Hypertension in the IDACO Study: An Age-Stratified Analysis Using 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements.

[Figure: see text].

Relative and Absolute Risk to Guide the Management of Pulse Pressure, an Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factor.

BACKGROUND: Pulse pressure (PP) reflects the age-related stiffening of the central arteries, but no study addressed the management of the PP-related risk over the human lifespan. METHODS: In 4,663 young (18-49 years) and 7,185 older adults (≥50 years), brachial PP was recorded over 24 hours. Total mortality and all major cardiovascular events (MACEs) combined were coprimary endpoints. Cardiovascular death, coronary events, and stroke were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: In young adults (median follow-up, 14.1 years; mean PP, 45.1 mm Hg), greater PP was not associated with absolute risk; the endpoint rates were ≤2.01 per 1,000 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratios expressed per 10-mm Hg PP increments were less than unity (P ≤ 0.027) for MACE (0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.96) and cardiovascular death (0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75). In older adults (median follow-up, 13.1 years; mean PP, 52.7 mm Hg), the endpoint rates, expressing absolute risk, ranged from 22.5 to 45.4 per 1,000 person-years and the adjusted hazard ratios, reflecting relative risk, from 1.09 to 1.54 (P < 0.0001). The PP-related relative risks of death, MACE, and stroke decreased >3-fold from age 55 to 75 years, whereas absolute risk rose by a factor 3. CONCLUSIONS: From 50 years onwards, the PP-related relative risk decreases, whereas absolute risk increases. From a lifecourse perspective, young adulthood provides a window of opportunity to manage risk factors and prevent target organ damage as forerunner of premature death and MACE. In older adults, treatment should address absolute risk, thereby extending life in years and quality.

[Impact of tobacco control on healthcare costs for acute myocardial infarction in Uruguay: costs based on Diagnosis-Related Groups]. / Impacto del control de tabaco en los costos asistenciales del infarto agudo de miocardio en Uruguay: costos en base a Grupos Relacionados por el Diagnóstico.

Tobacco is the leading modifiable cause of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases and is thus a serious global public health problem. In 2006, Uruguay implemented the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and achieved a decrease in the smoking rate and improvements in cardiovascular and respiratory health. We analyzed the clinical and economic impacts of tobacco control measures on the healthcare costs for acute myocardial infarction, which was reduced by 17%. The costs avoided for other diseases were not included. The study examined the trend in a healthcare institution and projected the result to the country's population. The cost analysis used the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) methodology, combined with the institution's accounting reports. Besides the hospitalization costs, the analysis included patient transportation, invasive cardiovascular procedures, and healthcare costs for the 12 months following the acute myocardial infarction. The cost per patient was USD 12,037. Considering a decrease of 500 acute myocardial infarctions per year, the estimated annual savings are USD 6 million in medical care costs for the averted acute myocardial infarctions, besides savings from averted work absenteeism, subsequent disability, and disability adjusted life years. This successful tobacco control policy has been the leading public health intervention in the last 30 years in Uruguay. The study aims to contribute to the guidelines determined by the World Health Organization (WHO).

El tabaco es la principal causa modificable de enfermedad cardiovascular, cáncer y enfermedades respiratorias, por lo que es un serio problema de salud pública universal. En 2006, Uruguay implementó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT-OMS), y consiguió un descenso de la tasa de fumadores y mejoras en la salud cardiovascular y respiratoria. Se investigó el impacto clínico y económico de las medidas de control de tabaco sobre los costos asistenciales del infarto agudo de miocardio, que se redujo un 17%. No se incluyeron los costos evitados por otras patologías. Se investigó lo ocurrido en una institución sanitaria y se proyectó a toda la población del país. El análisis de costos se realizó usando la metodología del sistema de los Grupos Relacionados por el Diagnóstico (GRD), combinada con los informes contables de la institución. Además de los costos de internación, se incluyeron los relacionados con los traslados, los de los procedimientos cardiovasculares invasivos y los gastos sanitarios de los 12 meses posteriores al evento agudo. El costo por paciente fue de USD 12.037. Considerando un descenso de 500 infartos por año, el ahorro anual estimado es de USD 6.000.000 en costos asistenciales de los infartos evitados; a lo que debería agregarse otros ahorros de costos por pérdida laboral, discapacidad posterior y años de vida prematura perdidos por fallecimiento del paciente. La exitosa política de control del tabaco ha sido la principal medida de salud pública en los últimos 30 años en nuestro país. Esta investigación busca contribuir al camino trazado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).

O tabaco é a principal causa modificável de doença cardiovascular, câncer e doenças respiratórias, o que faz dele um sério problema de saúde pública universal. Em 2006, Uruguai implementou a Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT-OMS), registrando desde então uma queda na taxa de fumantes, além de melhoras na saúde cardiovascular e respiratória. Foi avaliado o impacto económico e clínico das medidas de controle do tabaco sobre os custos da atenção ao infarto agudo do miocárdio, que diminuíram 17%. Não foram computados os custos evitados de outras patologias. A pesquisa investigou os registros em uma unidade de saúde e operou uma projeção para toda a população do país. A análise de custos foi desenvolvida usando a metodologia do sistema de Grupos Relacionados pelo Diagnóstico (GRD), combinada com os relatórios contábeis da instituição. Além dos custos de internação, foram incluídos aqueles relativos aos traslados, aos procedimentos cardiovasculares invasivos e às despesas em saúde dos 12 meses posteriores ao evento agudo. O custo por paciente foi de USD 12.037. Considerando uma diminuição de 500 infartos por ano, a economia anual estimada representa USD 6.000.000 na atenção aos infartos evitados; devem ser acrescentadas outras economias de custos de licença médica, invalidez posterior e anos de vida prematura perdidos por óbito do paciente. A bem-sucedida política de controle de tabaco foi a principal medida de saúde pública nos últimos 30 anos, no nosso país. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir com o caminho trilhado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS).

Association of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Outcomes With 24-Hour Mean Arterial Pressure.

Major adverse cardiovascular events are closely associated with 24-hour blood pressure (BP). We determined outcome-driven thresholds for 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP), a BP index estimated by oscillometric devices. We assessed the association of major adverse cardiovascular events with 24-hour MAP, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) in a population-based cohort (n=11 596). Statistics included multivariable Cox regression and the generalized R2 statistic to test model fit. Baseline office and 24-hour MAP averaged 97.4 and 90.4 mm Hg. Over 13.6 years (median), 2034 major adverse cardiovascular events occurred. Twenty-four-hour MAP levels of <90 (normotension, n=6183), 90 to <92 (elevated MAP, n=909), 92 to <96 (stage-1 hypertension, n=1544), and ≥96 (stage-2 hypertension, n=2960) mm Hg yielded equivalent 10-year major adverse cardiovascular events risks as office MAP categorized using 2017 American thresholds for office SBP and DBP. Compared with 24-hour MAP normotension, hazard ratios were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.80-1.16), 1.32 (1.15-1.51), and 1.77 (1.59-1.97), for elevated and stage-1 and stage-2 hypertensive MAP. On top of 24-hour MAP, higher 24-hour SBP increased, whereas higher 24-hour DBP attenuated risk (P<0.001). Considering the 24-hour measurements, R2 statistics were similar for SBP (1.34) and MAP (1.28), lower for DBP than for MAP (0.47), and reduced to null, if the base model included SBP and DBP; if the ambulatory BP indexes were dichotomized according to the 2017 American guideline and the proposed 92 mm Hg for MAP, the R2 values were 0.71, 0.89, 0.32, and 0.10, respectively. In conclusion, the clinical application of 24-hour MAP thresholds in conjunction with SBP and DBP refines risk estimates.

Impacto del control de tabaco en los costos asistenciales del infarto agudo de miocardio en Uruguay: costos en base a Grupos Relacionados por el Diagnóstico / Impact of tobacco control on healthcare costs for acute myocardial infarction in Uruguay: costs based on Diagnosis-Related Groups / Impacto do controle do tabaco sobre os custos da atenção ao infarto agudo do miocárdio no Uruguai: custos com base em Grupos Relacionados pelo Diagnóstico

El tabaco es la principal causa modificable de enfermedad cardiovascular, cáncer y enfermedades respiratorias, por lo que es un serio problema de salud pública universal. En 2006, Uruguay implementó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CMCT-OMS), y consiguió un descenso de la tasa de fumadores y mejoras en la salud cardiovascular y respiratoria. Se investigó el impacto clínico y económico de las medidas de control de tabaco sobre los costos asistenciales del infarto agudo de miocardio, que se redujo un 17%. No se incluyeron los costos evitados por otras patologías. Se investigó lo ocurrido en una institución sanitaria y se proyectó a toda la población del país. El análisis de costos se realizó usando la metodología del sistema de los Grupos Relacionados por el Diagnóstico (GRD), combinada con los informes contables de la institución. Además de los costos de internación, se incluyeron los relacionados con los traslados, los de los procedimientos cardiovasculares invasivos y los gastos sanitarios de los 12 meses posteriores al evento agudo. El costo por paciente fue de USD 12.037. Considerando un descenso de 500 infartos por año, el ahorro anual estimado es de USD 6.000.000 en costos asistenciales de los infartos evitados; a lo que debería agregarse otros ahorros de costos por pérdida laboral, discapacidad posterior y años de vida prematura perdidos por fallecimiento del paciente. La exitosa política de control del tabaco ha sido la principal medida de salud pública en los últimos 30 años en nuestro país. Esta investigación busca contribuir al camino trazado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).

Tobacco is the leading modifiable cause of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases and is thus a serious global public health problem. In 2006, Uruguay implemented the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and achieved a decrease in the smoking rate and improvements in cardiovascular and respiratory health. We analyzed the clinical and economic impacts of tobacco control measures on the healthcare costs for acute myocardial infarction, which was reduced by 17%. The costs avoided for other diseases were not included. The study examined the trend in a healthcare institution and projected the result to the country's population. The cost analysis used the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) methodology, combined with the institution's accounting reports. Besides the hospitalization costs, the analysis included patient transportation, invasive cardiovascular procedures, and healthcare costs for the 12 months following the acute myocardial infarction. The cost per patient was USD 12,037. Considering a decrease of 500 acute myocardial infarctions per year, the estimated annual savings are USD 6 million in medical care costs for the averted acute myocardial infarctions, besides savings from averted work absenteeism, subsequent disability, and disability adjusted life years. This successful tobacco control policy has been the leading public health intervention in the last 30 years in Uruguay. The study aims to contribute to the guidelines determined by the World Health Organization (WHO).

O tabaco é a principal causa modificável de doença cardiovascular, câncer e doenças respiratórias, o que faz dele um sério problema de saúde pública universal. Em 2006, Uruguai implementou a Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT-OMS), registrando desde então uma queda na taxa de fumantes, além de melhoras na saúde cardiovascular e respiratória. Foi avaliado o impacto económico e clínico das medidas de controle do tabaco sobre os custos da atenção ao infarto agudo do miocárdio, que diminuíram 17%. Não foram computados os custos evitados de outras patologias. A pesquisa investigou os registros em uma unidade de saúde e operou uma projeção para toda a população do país. A análise de custos foi desenvolvida usando a metodologia do sistema de Grupos Relacionados pelo Diagnóstico (GRD), combinada com os relatórios contábeis da instituição. Além dos custos de internação, foram incluídos aqueles relativos aos traslados, aos procedimentos cardiovasculares invasivos e às despesas em saúde dos 12 meses posteriores ao evento agudo. O custo por paciente foi de USD 12.037. Considerando uma diminuição de 500 infartos por ano, a economia anual estimada representa USD 6.000.000 na atenção aos infartos evitados; devem ser acrescentadas outras economias de custos de licença médica, invalidez posterior e anos de vida prematura perdidos por óbito do paciente. A bem-sucedida política de controle de tabaco foi a principal medida de saúde pública nos últimos 30 anos, no nosso país. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir com o caminho trilhado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS).

Opposing Age-Related Trends in Absolute and Relative Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes Associated With Out-of-Office Blood Pressure.

Participant-level meta-analyses assessed the age-specific relevance of office blood pressure to cardiovascular complications, but this information is lacking for out-of-office blood pressure. At baseline, daytime ambulatory (n=12 624) or home (n=5297) blood pressure were measured in 17 921 participants (51.3% women; mean age, 54.2 years) from 17 population cohorts. Subsequently, mortality and cardiovascular events were recorded. Using multivariable Cox regression, floating absolute risk was computed across 4 age bands (≤60, 61-70, 71-80, and >80 years). Over 236 491 person-years, 3855 people died and 2942 cardiovascular events occurred. From levels as low as 110/65 mm Hg, risk log-linearly increased with higher out-of-office systolic/diastolic blood pressure. From the youngest to the oldest age group, rates expressed per 1000 person-years increased (P<0.001) from 4.4 (95% CI, 4.0-4.7) to 86.3 (76.1-96.5) for all-cause mortality and from 4.1 (3.9-4.6) to 59.8 (51.0-68.7) for cardiovascular events, whereas hazard ratios per 20-mm Hg increment in systolic out-of-office blood pressure decreased (P≤0.0033) from 1.42 (1.19-1.69) to 1.09 (1.05-1.12) and from 1.70 (1.51-1.92) to 1.12 (1.07-1.17), respectively. These age-related trends were similar for out-of-office diastolic pressure and were generally consistent in both sexes and across ethnicities. In conclusion, adverse outcomes were directly associated with out-of-office blood pressure in adults. At young age, the absolute risk associated with out-of-office blood pressure was low, but relative risk high, whereas with advancing age relative risk decreased and absolute risk increased. These observations highlight the need of a lifecourse approach for the management of hypertension.

Outcome-Driven Thresholds for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Based on the New American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Classification of Hypertension.

The new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline reclassified office blood pressure and proposed thresholds for ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). We derived outcome-driven ABP thresholds corresponding with the new office blood pressure categories. We performed 24-hour ABP monitoring in 11 152 participants (48.9% women; mean age, 53.0 years) representative of 13 populations. We determined ABP thresholds resulting in multivariable-adjusted 10-year risks similar to those associated with elevated office blood pressure (120/80 mm Hg) and stages 1 and 2 of office hypertension (130/80 and 140/90 mm Hg). Over 13.9 years (median), 2728 (rate per 1000 person-years, 17.9) people died, 1033 (6.8) from cardiovascular disease; furthermore, 1988 (13.8), 893 (6.0), and 795 (5.4) cardiovascular and coronary events and strokes occurred. Using a composite cardiovascular end point, systolic/diastolic outcome-driven thresholds indicating elevated 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime ABP were 117.9/75.2, 121.4/79.6, and 105.3/66.2 mm Hg. For stages 1 and 2 ambulatory hypertension, thresholds were 123.3/75.2 and 128.7/80.7 mm Hg for 24-hour ABP, 128.5/79.6 and 135.6/87.1 mm Hg for daytime ABP, and 111.7/66.2 and 118.1/72.5 mm Hg for nighttime ABP. ABP thresholds derived from other end points were similar. After rounding, approximate thresholds for elevated 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime ABP were 120/75, 120/80, and 105/65 mm Hg, and for stages 1 and 2, ambulatory hypertension 125/75 and 130/80 mm Hg, 130/80 and 135/85 mm Hg, and 110/65 and 120/70 mm Hg. Outcome-driven ABP thresholds corresponding to elevated blood pressure and stages 1 and 2 of hypertension are similar to those proposed by the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline.

Association of Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure With Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes.

Importance: Blood pressure (BP) is a known risk factor for overall mortality and cardiovascular (CV)-specific fatal and nonfatal outcomes. It is uncertain which BP index is most strongly associated with these outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the association of BP indexes with death and a composite CV event. Design, Setting, and Participants: Longitudinal population-based cohort study of 11 135 adults from Europe, Asia, and South America with baseline observations collected from May 1988 to May 2010 (last follow-ups, August 2006-October 2016). Exposures: Blood pressure measured by an observer or an automated office machine; measured for 24 hours, during the day or the night; and the dipping ratio (nighttime divided by daytime readings). Main Outcomes and Measures: Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) expressed the risk of death or a CV event associated with BP increments of 20/10 mm Hg. Cardiovascular events included CV mortality combined with nonfatal coronary events, heart failure, and stroke. Improvement in model performance was assessed by the change in the area under the curve (AUC). Results: Among 11 135 participants (median age, 54.7 years, 49.3% women), 2836 participants died (18.5 per 1000 person-years) and 2049 (13.4 per 1000 person-years) experienced a CV event over a median of 13.8 years of follow-up. Both end points were significantly associated with all single systolic BP indexes (P < .001). For nighttime systolic BP level, the HR for total mortality was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.17-1.28) and for CV events, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.30-1.43). For the 24-hour systolic BP level, the HR for total mortality was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.16-1.28) and for CV events, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.37-1.54). With adjustment for any of the other systolic BP indexes, the associations of nighttime and 24-hour systolic BP with the primary outcomes remained statistically significant (HRs ranging from 1.17 [95% CI, 1.10-1.25] to 1.87 [95% CI, 1.62-2.16]). Base models that included single systolic BP indexes yielded an AUC of 0.83 for mortality and 0.84 for the CV outcomes. Adding 24-hour or nighttime systolic BP to base models that included other BP indexes resulted in incremental improvements in the AUC of 0.0013 to 0.0027 for mortality and 0.0031 to 0.0075 for the composite CV outcome. Adding any systolic BP index to models already including nighttime or 24-hour systolic BP did not significantly improve model performance. These findings were consistent for diastolic BP. Conclusions and Relevance: In this population-based cohort study, higher 24-hour and nighttime blood pressure measurements were significantly associated with greater risks of death and a composite CV outcome, even after adjusting for other office-based or ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Thus, 24-hour and nighttime blood pressure may be considered optimal measurements for estimating CV risk, although statistically, model improvement compared with other blood pressure indexes was small.

Calidad de la medida de la presión arterial en la asistencia habitual / Quality of blood pressure measurement in routine care

Fundamento y objetivos: la medida de la presión arterial es uno de los procedimientos más utilizados en la asistencia, lo que se relaciona con la elevada prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial. Una medición inexacta genera un problema importante, pues pocos mmHg de error sistemático aumentan o disminuyen artificialmente más de un 50% su diagnóstico y más de un 40% su grado de control. Asimismo, la medición correcta habitualmente muestra más hipertensos con presión arterial dentro del rango objetivo. El presente estudio se realizó para evaluar la calidad de la medida en la práctica habitual. Método: estudio observacional transversal en instituciones asistenciales mientras el personal realizaba el cuidado habitual. Lo observado se contrastó con los requisitos para una buena medida analizando 36 variables agrupadas en tres dimensiones: estructura (ambiente, equipamiento), proceso (interrogatorio, paciente, observador) y resultado. Se consideró correcta cada dimensión cuando tenía ³75% de variables apropiadas en cada medida. Resultados: en las 302 medidas analizadas hubo porcentaje correcto de 100% en estructura, 5% en proceso y 47% en resultado. El hecho de redondear a 0 (llevar a la decena entera más próxima el valor de la medida en mmHg) y el interrogatorio insuficiente fueron los errores más frecuentes, seguidos de colocar el estetoscopio debajo del brazalete y la realización de una única medida cuando el valor inicial fue ³140/90 mmHg. Conclusiones: se detectaron frecuentes fallas en la medida de la presión arterial en la práctica habitual relacionadas a mala técnica de medición, lo que tiene gran trascendencia en el manejo crónico de la HA, ya que la precisión de la medida es esencial, pues tanto su diagnóstico como su tratamiento requieren disponer de cifras apropiadas.

Background and objective: the measurement of blood pressure is one of the most used procedures in clinical practice, what is related to the high prevalence of arterial hypertension. An inaccurate measurement generates a significant problem, because few mmHg of systematic error artificially increase or decrease 50% its diagnosis and 40% its degree of control. Also, correct measurement usually shows more hypertensives with blood pressure within the target range. The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of the blood pressure measure in the usual practice. Method: observational cross-sectional study in health institutions while the staff performed the usual care. The observations were contrasted with the requirements for a correct measure, by analyzing 36 variables grouped in three dimensions: structure (environment, equipment), process (interview, patient, observer) and result. The dimension was considered correct when it had ³75% of appropriate variables in each measure. Results: in the 302 measures analyzed there was a correct percentage of 100% in structure, 5% in process and 47% in result. Rounding to zero and insufficient patient interview were the most frequent errors, followed by placing the stethoscope under the cuff and performing a single measurement when the initial value was ³140/90 mmHg. Conclusions: failures were detected in the measurement of blood pressure in the usual practice related to poor measurement technique. In chronic treatment of arterial hypertension, the accuracy of the measurement is essential since both its diagnosis and its management require adequate blood pressure values.

Prescripción de estatinas, adherencia y nivel de lípidos dos años después de una hospitalización por enfermedad coronaria / Prescription of statins, adherence and lipid level two years after hospitalization for coronary disease

Antecedentes: los pacientes que padecen enfermedad coronaria deberían recibir un tratamiento de alta intensidad con estatinas. Si bien estos fármacos se prescriben a la casi totalidad de ellos, las dosis indicadas, la adherencia y los niveles de lípidos obtenidos son muy dispares. Objetivo: realizar un relevamiento del tratamiento con estatinas en un grupo de pacientes coronarios de nuestra institución, conocer dosis prescritas, cumplimiento y resultados del perfil lipídico en un seguimiento a dos años. Material y método: se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes 80 años hospitalizados en forma consecutiva por enfermedad coronaria incluidos en un programa de prevención secundaria entre el 1/8/2009 y el 31/7/2012. El cumplimiento con la medicación se obtuvo por entrevista telefónica. Los niveles de lípidos surgen del primer lipidograma luego del alta y el último realizado en el período de seguimiento. Los resultados se analizaron mediante prueba de chi cuadrado o prueba t, según correspondiera. Resultados: de un total de 1.375 pacientes hospitalizados en el período, se incluyeron 1.208. El seguimiento promedio fue de 2,1 años. Sexo masculino 71,3%. La edad promedio fue de 68,6 ± 10,2 años, en hombres 66,9 ± 10,1 años y en mujeres 72,9 ± 9,0 años. El 98,6% recibía una estatina al momento del alta y el 89,8% la tomaba dos años después. El 73,2% reportó buena adherencia; 16,6% adherencia parcial, y 10,2% fueron no adherentes. La dosis promedio de estatina inicial fue de 17,3 mg/día de atorvastatina (o equivalente) y de 17,5 mg/día en el seguimiento (p=0,66). Los valores promedio de colesterol total (Col T) en la población fueron de 164,3 ± 39,1 mg/dl al inicio y 158,6 ± 36,4 a los dos años (p=0,004), mientras que los de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) fueron 89,3 ± 31,2 y 83,3 ± 34,7 respectivamente (p=0,005). El 36,7 % de los pacientes obtuvo un valor de LDL-C <70 mg/dl, mientras que en el 75,0% fue <100 mg/dl. Conclusiones: la prescripción de estatinas se realizó en la casi totalidad de los pacientes y dos años después la tomaban casi el 90% de los mismos, la dosis promedio fue de rango moderado y no varió en el seguimiento. Casi tres de cada cuatro pacientes reportaron buena adherencia. Los niveles de Col T y LDL-C de la población mejoraron en forma leve pero significativa a los dos años. Más de un tercio de los pacientes obtuvo LDL-C <70 mg/dl.

Background: coronary artery disease patients should receive high intensity treatment with statins. While these drugs are prescribed to almost all of them, the doses, adherence and obtained lipid levels are quite different. Objectives: to survey statin therapy in a group of coronary patients in our institution, meet prescribed doses, compliance and lipid profile results of a 2 years follow-up. Methods: a retrospective analysis of patients 80 years consecutively hospitalized for coronary disease and included in a secondary prevention program, between 08/01/2009 and 07/31/2012 was performed. Medication compliance was obtained by telephone interview. Lipid levels were obtained from the first lipid profile after patient discharge and the last registered in the follow-up period. Results were analyzed by chi² test or t test as appropriate. Results: from a total of 1375 patients hospitalized in the period, 1208 were included. Mean follow-up was 2,1 years. 71,3% male. The mean age was 68,6 ± 10,2 years, men 66,9 ± 10,1 years, women 72,9 ± 9,0 years. 98,6% of patients received a statin after discharge and 89,8% took it two years later. Initial statin mean dose was 17,3 mg/day of atorvastatin (or equivalent) and 17,5 mg/day at the follow-up (p = 0,66). Total cholesterol (Col T) average values in the population were 164,3 ± 39,1 mg/dl at baseline and 158,6 ± 36,4 after two years (p= 0,004), while LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) were 89,3 ± 31,2 and 83,3 ± 34,7 respectively (p= 0,005). In 36,7 % of patients LDL-C was <70 mg/dl, while in 75 % it was <100 mg/dl. Conclusions: the prescription of statins was performed in almost all patients and two years later was taken by almost 90% of them, the average dose was on moderate range and was unchanged in the follow-up. Nearly three of every four patients reported good compliance. Col-T and LDL-C population levels improved slight but significantly after two years. More than a third of patients achieved LDL-C <70 mg/dl.

The Cardiovascular Risk of White-Coat Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The role of white-coat hypertension (WCH) and the white-coat-effect (WCE) in development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Using data from the population-based, 11-cohort IDACO (International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes), this study compared daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with conventional blood pressure measurements in 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. METHODS: European Society Hypertension guidelines were used as a 5-stage risk score. Low risk was defined as 0 to 2 risk factors, and high risk was defined as ≥3 to 5 risk factors, diabetes, and/or history of prior CVD events. Age- and cohort-matching was done between 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. RESULTS: In a stepwise linear regression model, systolic WCE increased by 3.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1 to 4.6 mm Hg) per 10-year increase in age, and was similar in low- and high-risk subjects with or without prior CVD events. Over a median 10.6-year follow-up, incidence of new CVD events was higher in 159 high-risk subjects with WCH compared with 159 cohort- and age-matched high-risk normotensive subjects (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.84; p = 0.023). The HR was not significant for 494 participants with low-risk WCH and age-matched low-risk normotensive subjects. Subgroup analysis by age showed that an association between WCH and incident CVD events is limited to older (age ≥60 years) high-risk WCH subjects; the adjusted HR was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.09 to 4.37; p = 0.027) in the older high-risk group and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.51 to 1.53; p = 0.66) in the older low-risk group (p for interaction = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: WCE size is related to aging, not to CVD risk. CVD risk in most persons with WCH is comparable to age- and risk-adjusted normotensive control subjects.

Situación de la hipertensión arterial a nivel público y privado / Current status of arterial hypertension at public and private sectors

Fundamento y objetivos: se ha comprobado mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial asociada a más bajo nivel socioeconómico, algo que también podría ocurrir en nuestro país. La presente investigación se realizó con la finalidad de conocer la prevalencia y el manejo de esta patología a nivel público y privado, como un índice del nivel socioeconómico de los pacientes. Método: se revisaron historias clínicas seleccionadas al azar de pacientes que consultaron en policlínica en Maldonado, relevando prevalencia, indicación de antihipertensivos y normalización de la presión arterial (PA) a nivel público y privado. Resultados: se incluyeron 2.020 pacientes (1.134 públicos, 886 privados). No hubo datos de hipertensión en 40,5% y 18,2% de los casos (p<0,05), siendo la prevalencia 63,6% y 50,3% a nivel público y privado respectivamente (p<0,05). El registro de PA en hipertensos fue 78,8% y 95,5% (p<0,05), con el último valor registrado hacía 31,2 y 24,1 meses a nivel público y privado respectivamente (p<0,05). La indicación de fármacos antihipertensivos fue de 85,1% y 80,3% (p=NS) comprobándose PA <140/90 mmHg en 36,1% y 60,7% de los hipertensos tratados a nivel público y privado respectivamente (p<0,05). Conclusiones: existió mayor prevalencia de hipertensión a nivel público, donde además hubo peor calidad de registro. La indicación de antihipertensivos fue elevada, comprobándose mayor porcentaje de normalización de la PA a nivel privado. Es necesario mejorar el cuidado de los pacientes hipertensos, con particular énfasis a nivel público, donde existe mayor prevalencia y peor control de esta patología.

Background and objectives: higher prevalence of arterial hypertension has been associated with lower socioeconomic status, what can also take place in our country. This research was conducted in order to determine the prevalence and management of this disease at public and private sectors as a method of approaching the socioeconomic status of patients. Method: randomly selected medical records of ambulatory patients in Maldonado, evaluating hypertension prevalence, indication of antihypertensives and normalization of blood pressure at public and private health care sectors. Results: 2,020 patients (1,134 public, 886 private) were included. There were no data related to hypertension in 40.5% and 18.2% of cases (p <0.05), and hypertension prevalence was 63.6% and 50.3% at public and private sectors respectively (p <0.05). Among hypertensive patients blood pressure values were registered at 78.8% and 95.5% (p <0.05), with the last recorded value at 31.2 and 24.1 months at public and private sectors respectively (p<0.05). The antihypertensive drugs indication was 85.1% and 80.3% (p=NS) with blood pressure <140/90 mmHg in 36.1% and 60.7% of hypertensive patients treated at public and private sectors respectively (p <0.05). Conclusions: there was a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension at the public level, where there was also poor quality registration. Antihypertensive indication was elevate, showing higher percentage of normalized blood pressure at private sector. It is necessary to improve the care of hypertensive patients, with particular emphasis on the public sector, where there is a greater prevalence and poorer control of this disease.

Ingresos por infarto agudo de miocardio en los cuatro años siguientes a la implementación de la prohibición de fumar en espacios cerrados / Admissions for acute myocardial infarction in the four years following the implementation of the prohibition of smoking in closed spaces

Fundamento y objetivos: los daños derivados del tabaco son múltiples, afectando tanto a quienes lo consumen como a quienes se hallan expuestos de forma pasiva al humo de segunda mano. Las políticas de control de tabaco en Uruguay han sido muy exitosas, en particular la prohibición de fumar en espacios cerrados de uso público. Diversas investigaciones comprobaron el amplio acatamiento de esta última, lo que se tradujo en reducción de los niveles de contaminación en el aire, tanto en la concentración de las partículas contaminantes del humo de tabaco como en los niveles de nicotina. Asimismo, en los dos años siguientes a la introducción de la normativa (implantada el 1º de marzo de 2006) hubo una reducción en los ingresos hospitalarios por infarto agudo de miocardio en todo el país. Método: para determinar el impacto de estas medidas luego de cuatro años de su entrada en vigor se recolectaron los ingresos por esta patología desde el 1º de marzo de 2004 hasta el 28 de febrero de 2010, y se analizó mediante regresión múltiple el número de ingresos por mes con el tiempo como variable independiente. Resultados: se comprobó una reducción de 17% en los ingresos por infarto de miocardio (riesgo relativo 0,83, IC 95% 0,74 a 0,92), el que fue uniforme a lo largo de los 48 meses analizados (p=0,250). Conclusiones: estos hallazgos muestran que la política de control de tabaco de nuestro país se tradujo en una mejora de la salud cardiovascular de la población durante los cuatro años siguientes a la misma.

Tobacco health harm is multiple and affects smokers and second-hand smokers. Tobacco control policies have been successful in Uruguay, particularly the prohibition of smoking in public closed spaces. Several investigations confirmed its wide acceptance, resulting in a reduction in air contamination levels, either in tobacco smoke contaminant particles as in nicotine levels. Also, in the two years following prohibition (March 1st, 2006) there was a reduction in hospital admissions for myocardial infarction in the country. To determine its impact after four years we collected data about admissions from March 1st, 2004 to February 28th, 2010 and analyzed, using multiple regression, the number of admissions by month using time as independent variable. We confirmed a 17% reduction in myocardial infarction admissions (relative risk 0,83, IC 95% 0,74-0,92), which was uniform through the 48 months analyzed (p 0.25). These findings showed that the control tobacco policy improved population cardiovascular health during the four years after that policy was introduced in our country.

Situación actual de la hipertensión arterial en Maldonado / Current status of arterial hypertension in Maldonado

Fundamento y objetivos: la hipertensión es una de las enfermedades crónicas más prevalentes en Uruguay, teniendo la mayoría de los pacientes un control inadecuado de ella. En esta investigación se analizó la situación de esta patología en Maldonado. Método: revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de 960 pacientes seleccionados al azar (80 al mes) entre todos los asistidos en policlínica durante 12 meses en dos instituciones (pública y privada), verificándose: condición de hipertenso, presión arterial, prevalencia de hipertensión, indicación de antihipertensivos, hipertensión controlada (presión arterial <140/90 mmHg). Resultados: en 23,0% de los casos no hubo datos para establecer la presencia o ausencia de hipertensión (35,0% público, 11,0% privado, p<0,001), y en 64,7% hubo uno o más valores de presión arterial registrados (45,6% público, 83,8% privado, p<0,001). La prevalencia de hipertensión entre quienes tenían datos al respecto fue 56,2% (72,4% público, 44,3% privado, p<0,001), recibiendo antihipertensivos 87,4% de los hipertensos (84,6% público, 90,6% privado, p=0,01) y teniendo hipertensión controlada 63,1% (62,8% público, 63,5% privado, p=0,48). El tiempo transcurrido desde la última presión arterial registrada promedió 20,2 meses (26,4 público, 12,9 privado, p<0,001). Conclusiones: existió una elevada prevalencia de hipertensión entre quienes consultaron en policlínica, siendo mayor a nivel público. Se comprobó el mayor porcentaje reportado en el país de hipertensos con antihipertensivos indicados y también el mayor con cifras de presión arterial controladas. No obstante, es necesario aumentar la frecuencia de la medida de la presión arterial, así como mejorar la calidad de los registros, en particular a nivel público, lo que permitiría brindar un mejor cuidado a los portadores de esta muy frecuente afección.

Background and objectives: hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in Uruguay, and the majority of patients are poorly controlled. In this research the situation of this disease in Maldonado was analyzed. Method: retrospective review of medical records of 960 patients randomly selected (80 per month) from all assisted in an outpatient basis for 12 months in two institutions (public and private) verifying: hypertensive status, blood pressure, hypertension prevalence, antihypertensive indication and controlled hypertension (blood pressure <140/90 mmHg). Results: in 23.0% of cases there were no data to establish the presence or absence of hypertension (35.0% public, private 11.0%, p<0.001) and 64.7% had one or more blood pressure values (45.6% public, private 83.8%, p<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension was 56.2% (72.4% public, private 44.3%, p<0.001), receiving antihypertensive medication 87.4% (84.6% public, private 90.6%, p=0,01) and having controlled hypertension 63.1% (62.8% public, private 63.5%, p=0.48). Time elapsed from the last blood pressure control averaged 20.2 months (26.4 public, private 12.9, p<0.001). Conclusions: there was high prevalence of hypertension among those patients consulting in an outpatient clinic, being higher in patients who are attending the public level. We found the highest reported percentage of antihipertensive medication indicated in the country and also the greatest controlled blood pressure. However, it is needed to increase the frequency of blood pressure measurement as well as to improve the quality of records, particularly at the public level, to provide better care to patients with this common condition.

Effect of Uruguay's National 100% Smokefree Law on Emergency Visits for Bronchospasm.

INTRODUCTION: Implementation of smokefree laws is followed by drops in hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and asthma. The impact of smokefree laws on use of non-hospital medical services has not been assessed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of Uruguay's national 100% smokefree legislation on non-hospital emergency care visits, hospitalizations for bronchospasm, and bronchodilator use. METHODS: The monthly number of non-hospital emergency care visits and hospitalizations for bronchospasm, as well as monthly puffs of bronchodilators (total and per person), from 3 years prior to the adoption of the 100% smokefree policy on March 1, 2006, through 5 years after the policy were assessed using interrupted time series negative binomial regression. Data analysis was conducted in 2014. RESULTS: The incidence of non-hospital emergency visits for bronchospasm decreased by 15% (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.85, 95% CI=0.76, 0.94) following implementation of the law. Hospitalizations for bronchospasm did not change significantly (IRR=0.89, 95% CI=0.66, 1.21). Total monthly puffs of salbutamol and ipratropium administered in the non-hospital emergency setting decreased by 224 (95% CI=-372, -76) and 179 (95% CI=-340, -18.6), respectively, from means of 1,222 and 1,007 before the law. CONCLUSIONS: Uruguay's 100% smokefree law was followed by fewer emergency visits for bronchospasm and less need for treatment, supporting adoption of such policies in low- and middle-income countries to reduce the disease burden and healthcare costs associated with smoking.

Hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction before and after implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free policy in Uruguay: experience through 2010.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive smoke-free laws have been followed by drops in hospitalisations for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), including in a study with 2 years follow-up for such a law in Uruguay. METHODS: Multiple linear and negative binomial regressions for AMI admissions (ICD-10 code 121) from 37 hospitals for 2 years before and 4 years after Uruguay implemented a 100% nationwide smoke-free law. RESULTS: Based on 11 135 cases, there was a significant drop of -30.9 AMI admissions/month (95% CI -49.8 to -11.8, p=0.002) following implementation of the smoke-free law. The effect of the law did not increase or decrease over time following implementation (p=0.234). This drop represented a 17% drop in AMI admissions following the law (IRR=0.829, 95% CI 0.743 to 0.925, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adding two more years of follow-up data confirmed that Uruguay's smoke-free law was followed by a substantial and sustained reduction in AMI hospitalisations.

Age-specific differences between conventional and ambulatory daytime blood pressure values.

Mean daytime ambulatory blood pressure (BP) values are considered to be lower than conventional BP values, but data on this relation among younger individuals <50 years are scarce. Conventional and 24-hour ambulatory BP were measured in 9550 individuals not taking antihypertensive treatment from 13 population-based cohorts. We compared individual differences between daytime ambulatory and conventional BP according to 10-year age categories. Age-specific prevalences of white coat and masked hypertension were calculated. Among individuals aged 18 to 30, 30 to 40, and 40 to 50 years, mean daytime BP was significantly higher than the corresponding conventional BP (6.0, 5.2, and 4.7 mm Hg for systolic; 2.5, 2.7, and 1.7 mm Hg for diastolic BP; all P<0.0001). In individuals aged 60 to 70 and ≥70 years, conventional BP was significantly higher than daytime ambulatory BP (5.0 and 13.0 mm Hg for systolic; 2.0 and 4.2 mm Hg for diastolic BP; all P<0.0001).The prevalence of white coat hypertension exponentially increased from 2.2% to 19.5% from those aged 18 to 30 years to those aged ≥70 years, with little variation between men and women (8.0% versus 6.1%; P=0.0003). Masked hypertension was more prevalent among men (21.1% versus 11.4%; P<0.0001). The age-specific prevalences of masked hypertension were 18.2%, 27.3%, 27.8%, 20.1%, 13.6%, and 10.2% among men and 9.0%, 9.9%, 12.2%, 11.9%, 14.7%, and 12.1% among women. In conclusion, this large collaborative analysis showed that the relation between daytime ambulatory and conventional BP strongly varies by age. These findings may have implications for diagnosing hypertension and its subtypes in clinical practice.