Control of bacterial biofilms formed on pacifiers by antimicrobial solutions in spray.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the use of vinegar, hydrogen peroxide and sodium bicarbonate solutions for the disinfection of pacifiers. DESIGN: Different types and concentrations of the substances were screened in planktonic and biofilm for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Also, the effect of the most effective substance was tested against polymicrobial biofilms aiming to mimic the multispecies colonization found in a pacifier. RESULTS: Based on the agar diffusion test, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal microbicide concentration assays, 70% apple vinegar (70%AV) and 70% hydrogen peroxide (70%HP) were selected (P < 0.05). All tested solutions were able to significantly reduce viable cells of S. pyogenes, S. mutans and E. coli from the biofilms A statistically significant reduction of viable cells in S. aureus biofilms were observed after treatment with 70%AV in comparison to the other treatments. When compared to other microbial species, it was found that 70%HP was particularly effective against E. coli. The solution of 70%HP was able to reduce the viable cells of Enterobacteriaceae/pseudomonas of a polymicrobial biofilm formed from a pacifier. The other solutions were not effective in relation to control group. CONCLUSION: Solutions of 70% HP showed to be a good alternative for chlorhexidine digluconate for the disinfection of pacifiers.

Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentin specimens obtained from extracted bovine incisors were infected during 14 days with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The specimens were filled with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with the following vehicles: Psidium cattleianum ethanolic, Psidium cattleianum propylene glycolic, distilled water, and saline as control. After 24 h, 3, 7, and 14 days, the canals were irrigated with sterile saline and dried. Dentin samples were collected from the canals with burs of increasing diameters. To determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU), samples were inoculated onto BHI agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%), at 37 °C, for 48 h, in CO2 enriched atmosphere. Comparisons among the groups for the variation factors were performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (p < 0.01) when compared with distilled water. The ethanolic extract exhibited in 24 h the same antibacterial activity that propylene glycolic extract and distilled water after 7 and 14 days. For C. albicans, all were effective in reducing the number of CFU at all periods. CONCLUSION: The P. cattleianum ethanolic extract presented the fastest and highest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, significantly reducing the microbial load in 24 h. All medications were effective against C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The antibacterial potential of P. cattleianum and its biological compatibility associated with calcium hydroxide indicate promising applications in the field of dentistry.

Effect of ozonized olive oil on oral levels of Candida spp. in patients with denture stomatitis / Efeito do óleo de oliva ozonizado sobre os níveis orais de Candida spp. em pacientes com estomatite protética

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozonized olive oil (OZ) on the oral levels of Candida spp. in patients with denture stomatitis. Material and Methods: In vitro tests were performed to validate antifungal activity and to standardize OZ conditions. Antifungal activity was screened against C. albicans and five non-albicans species (C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, and C. parapsilosis). Also, the effects on C. albicans planktonic and biofilm were evaluated. After validation, OZ was included in a therapeutic protocol of denture stomatitis in vivo. Thirty patients used OZ and 20 used sodium bicarbonate (SB) for 14 days. After 7 and 14 days, clinical evaluation, isolation and identification of yeasts were performed. Isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic tests. Ozonated oil showed in vitro antifungal activity against all species of Candida. Ozonated oil reduced the number of viable cells in C. albicans biofilms. Oral candidal levels were lower in relation to baseline both after after 14 days of treatment with SB and OZ. Results: A total of 493 Candida spp. isolates was obtained and 80% were identified as C. albicans. Remission of denture stomatitis was observed in all patients after 7 days of treatment in both groups. Conclusion: Within the limits of the study we can conclude that ozonized olive oil can be a new alternative for the control of biofilm in patients with denture stomatitis. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do óleo ozonizado (OZ) sobre os níveis orais de Candida spp. em pacientes com estomatite protética. Material e Métodos: Testes in vitro foram realizados para validar a atividade antifúngica e padronizar as condições do OZ. A atividade antifúngica foi avaliada contra C. albicans e cinco espécies não-albicans (C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii e C. parapsilosis). Além disso, os efeitos sobre C. albicans planctônico e biofilme foram avaliados. Após validação, o OZ foi incluído em um protocolo terapêutico de estomatite protética in vivo. Trinta pacientes usaram OZ e 20 usaram bicarbonato de sódio (SB) por 14 dias. Após 7 e 14 dias, foram realizadas avaliações clínicas, isolamento e identificação de leveduras. Os isolados foram identificados por testes fenotípicos e genotípicos. O óleo ozonizado mostrou atividade antifúngica in vitro contra todas as espécies de Candida. O óleo ozonizado reduziu o número de células viáveis em biofilmes de C. albicans. Os níveis orais de candidíase foram menores em relação aos valores basais após 14 dias de tratamento com SB e OZ. Resultados: Um total de 493 Candida spp. isolados foram obtidos e 80% foram identificados como C. albicans. A remissão da estomatite protética foi observada em todos os pacientes após 7 dias de tratamento em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Dentro dos limites do estudo podemos concluir que o óleo de oliva ozonizado pode ser uma nova alternativa para o controle do biofilme em pacientes com estomatite protética.(AU)

Abutment Coating With Diamond-Like Carbon Films to Reduce Implant-Abutment Bacterial Leakage.

BACKGROUND: The influence of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films on bacterial leakage through the interface between abutments and dental implants of external hexagon (EH) and internal hexagon (IH) designs was evaluated. METHODS: Film deposition was performed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Sets of implants and abutments (n = 30 per group, sets of 180 implants) were divided according to connection design and treatment of the abutment base: 1) no treatment (control); 2) DLC film deposition; and 3) Ag-DLC film deposition. Under sterile conditions, 1 µL Enterococcus faecalis was inoculated inside the implants, and abutments were tightened. The sets were tested for immediate external contamination, suspended in test tubes containing sterile culture broth, and followed for 5 days. Turbidity of the broth indicated bacterial leakage. At the end of the period, the abutments were removed and the internal content of the implants was collected with paper points and plated in Petri dishes. After 24-hour incubation, they were assessed for bacterial viability and colony-forming unit counting. Bacterial leakage was analyzed by χ(2) and Fisher exact tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: The percentage of bacterial leakage was 16.09% for EH implants and 80.71% for IH implants (P <0.0001). The bacterial load was higher inside IH implants (P = 0.000). The type of implant significantly influenced the results (P = 0.000), whereas the films did not (P = 0.487). CONCLUSION: IH implants show a higher frequency of bacterial leakage; and DLC and Ag-DLC films do not significantly reduce the frequency of bacterial leakage and bacteria load inside the implants.

Desenvolvimento da microbiota oral de bebês: análise longitudinal por pirosequenciamento da microbiota de bebês e suas mães dentro de um Programa de Saúde Bucal para Primeira Infância / Development of oral microflora of infants: longitudinal analysis of babies followed in an Oral Health Program for Early Childhood and their mothers’ microflora by pyrosequencing

O estudo da microbiota bucal de bebês e como ela se altera com o tempo é de grande importância para a prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças bucais num estágio precoce. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliarlongitudinalmente, nos períodos de 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade, o microbioma oral de bebês saudáveis e suas respectivas mães por análisede pirosequenciamento. Setenta e quatro pares de mães e bebês acompanhados em um programa de saúde bucal foram incluídos no estudo. Um total de cinquenta e oito participaram em todo o período experimental. A população de bebês foi acompanhada durante todo operíodo, recebendo orientações e procedimentos previstos no protocolodo programa. Dados sobre dieta, higiene bucal, presença de dentes, prevalência de cárie e condições periodontais de bebês e suas respectivas mães foram coletados. Para a análise de pirosequenciamento, foram selecionados 5 pares de bebês e mães seguindo rigorosos critérios de inclusão para obtenção de amostra homogênea de bebês que se mantiveram sem a ocorrência de doenças bucais durante todo o período de avaliação. Também foram analisadas amostras do único bebê que desenvolveu cárie ao longo do estudo. Foram coletadas amostras de saliva e biofilme dentário do bebê e suasrespectivas mães para análise da diversidade microbiana porpirosequenciamento 454 dos produtos de PCR do gene 16S ribossomal. A eficácia do programa de promoção de saúde bucal para este estudo foi reiterada com a ocorrência de cárie em apenas 1 dos bebês (1,51%)acompanhados durante 24 meses. A diversidade microbiana da saliva ebiofilme dentário dos bebês manteve-se estável em relação ao número de Filos ao longo dos períodos. Observou-se aumento considerável de gêneros na saliva dos bebês dos 6 meses aos 12 meses de idade do bebê, sendo que esta distribuição se manteve nos demais períodos. Aos 12 meses, 77 diferentes gêneros faziam parte do microbioma do biofilme dentário do bebê, sendo este número maior quando comparado ...

Data on infants’ oral microflora and how it changes in time is of utmostimportance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases inearly stages. The goal of this study was evaluate, longitudinally, in the periodsof 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age, the oral microbiome of healthy babies andtheir mothers by pyrosequencing analysis. Seventy-four pairs of mothers/babies followed in a Program of Oral Healthy were included in thestudy. A total of fifty-eight participated in all the experimental period. Thepopulation of babies was followed during all the period, receiving orientationon oral health and procedures foreseen in the protocol of the referredprogram. Data on diet, oral hygiene, presence of teeth, prevalence of caries,and periodontal conditions of babies and their mothers were collected. Forpyrosequencing analysis, 5 pairs of babies and mothers were selectedfollowing rigorous criteria of inclusion, in order to obtain a homogeneoussample of babies who did not develop caries during all the evaluation period.Also, samples from of the only baby who developed caries along the studywere analyzed. Samples of saliva and dental biofilm from the babies andmothers were analyzed for the microbial diversity by pyrosequencing 454 ofproducts of PCR of 16S ribosomal gene. The effectiveness of the Oral HealthProgram in this study was confirmed with the occurrence of caries in only 1 ofthe babies (1.51%) followed during 24 months. Salivary and biofilm microbialdiversities of babies were stable in relation to the number of Phyla during the evaluation periods. A considerable increasing in the number of genus inbabies’ saliva was observed in the period of 6 to 12 months of age. After thisperiod, the distribution was stable. At the age of 12 months, 77 differentgenus were found in the microbioma of infants’ dental biofilm and this valuewas higher when compared to saliva. High similarity between the relevantgenus in babies and ...

Desenvolvimento da microbiota oral de bebês: análise longitudinal por pirosequenciamento da microbiota de bebês e suas mães dentro de um Programa de Saúde Bucal para Primeira Infância / Development of oral microflora of infants: longitudinal analysis of babies followed in an Oral Health Program for Early Childhood and their mothers’ microflora by pyrosequencing

O estudo da microbiota bucal de bebês e como ela se altera com o tempo é de grande importância para a prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças bucais num estágio precoce. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliarlongitudinalmente, nos períodos de 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses de idade, o microbioma oral de bebês saudáveis e suas respectivas mães por análisede pirosequenciamento. Setenta e quatro pares de mães e bebês acompanhados em um programa de saúde bucal foram incluídos no estudo. Um total de cinquenta e oito participaram em todo o período experimental. A população de bebês foi acompanhada durante todo operíodo, recebendo orientações e procedimentos previstos no protocolodo programa. Dados sobre dieta, higiene bucal, presença de dentes, prevalência de cárie e condições periodontais de bebês e suas respectivas mães foram coletados. Para a análise de pirosequenciamento, foram selecionados 5 pares de bebês e mães seguindo rigorosos critérios de inclusão para obtenção de amostra homogênea de bebês que se mantiveram sem a ocorrência de doenças bucais durante todo o período de avaliação. Também foram analisadas amostras do único bebê que desenvolveu cárie ao longo do estudo. Foram coletadas amostras de saliva e biofilme dentário do bebê e suasrespectivas mães para análise da diversidade microbiana porpirosequenciamento 454 dos produtos de PCR do gene 16S ribossomal. A eficácia do programa de promoção de saúde bucal para este estudo foi reiterada com a ocorrência de cárie em apenas 1 dos bebês (1,51%)acompanhados durante 24 meses. A diversidade microbiana da saliva ebiofilme dentário dos bebês manteve-se estável em relação ao número de Filos ao longo dos períodos. Observou-se aumento considerável de gêneros na saliva dos bebês dos 6 meses aos 12 meses de idade do bebê, sendo que esta distribuição se manteve nos demais períodos. Aos 12 meses, 77 diferentes gêneros faziam parte do microbioma do biofilme dentário do bebê, sendo este número maior quando comparado...

Data on infants’ oral microflora and how it changes in time is of utmostimportance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases inearly stages. The goal of this study was evaluate, longitudinally, in the periodsof 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age, the oral microbiome of healthy babies andtheir mothers by pyrosequencing analysis. Seventy-four pairs of mothers/babies followed in a Program of Oral Healthy were included in thestudy. A total of fifty-eight participated in all the experimental period. Thepopulation of babies was followed during all the period, receiving orientationon oral health and procedures foreseen in the protocol of the referredprogram. Data on diet, oral hygiene, presence of teeth, prevalence of caries,and periodontal conditions of babies and their mothers were collected. Forpyrosequencing analysis, 5 pairs of babies and mothers were selectedfollowing rigorous criteria of inclusion, in order to obtain a homogeneoussample of babies who did not develop caries during all the evaluation period.Also, samples from of the only baby who developed caries along the studywere analyzed. Samples of saliva and dental biofilm from the babies andmothers were analyzed for the microbial diversity by pyrosequencing 454 ofproducts of PCR of 16S ribosomal gene. The effectiveness of the Oral HealthProgram in this study was confirmed with the occurrence of caries in only 1 ofthe babies (1.51%) followed during 24 months. Salivary and biofilm microbialdiversities of babies were stable in relation to the number of Phyla during the evaluation periods. A considerable increasing in the number of genus inbabies’ saliva was observed in the period of 6 to 12 months of age. After thisperiod, the distribution was stable. At the age of 12 months, 77 differentgenus were found in the microbioma of infants’ dental biofilm and this valuewas higher when compared to saliva. High similarity between the relevantgenus in babies and...

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana de associações de extratos de Araçá (Psidium cattleianum) e hidróxido de cálcio frente a biofilme multiespécie de Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans / In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Psidium Cattleianum extracts and calcium hydroxide against multispecies biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans

Extratos da folha de araçá (Psidium cattleianum) apresentam biocompatibilidade e atividade inibitória frente a microrganismos bucais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de associações de extratos de araçá (Psidium cattleianum) associados ao hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2 frente a biofilme multiespécie de Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans. Tubos de dentina de incisivos bovinos foram infectados in vitro durante 14 dias com cepas de Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 e Candida albicans ATCC 10231. A luz dos canais radiculares foi preenchida com pasta de extrato etanólico de Psidium cattleianum com Ca(OH)2, extrato propilenoglicólico de Psidium cattleianum com Ca(OH)2 e hidróxido de cálcio com água destilada. Como controle foi empregado o soro fisiológico. Os períodos experimentais foram de 24 horas, 3, 7 e 14 dias. Após cada período realizou-se irrigação com solução salina para remoção dos medicamentos e secagem com cones de papel estéril. Brocas de diâmetros crescentes foram utilizadas para a coleta de pó de dentina. Essas amostras eram replicadas em placas ágar contendo caldo infuso de cérebro e coração (BHI), e levadas em contador digital de colônias. Para Enterococcus faecalis as associações de hidróxido de cálcio com extrato de araçá etanólico e propilenoglicólico apresentaram maior propriedade antimicrobiana que o hidróxido de cálcio associado à água destilada (p<0,01). O extrato etanólico exibiu em 24h atividade antibacteriana que o extrato propilenoglicólico e água levaram de 7 a 14 dias para atingir. Para Candida albicans todos os medicamentos foram efetivos em reduzir significativamente o número de unidade formadora de colônias em todos os períodos de tempo. Nas condições experimentais empregadas pode ser concluído que o extrato etanólico de Psidium cattleianum associado ao Ca(OH)2 foi mais rápido e efetivo contra o E. faecalis quando comparado ao Ca(OH)2 associado ao extrato propilenoglicólico e água destilada que...

Araça (Psidium cattleianum) extracts exhibit biocompatibility and inhibitory activity against oral microorganisms. The aim of this estudy was in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum extracts associated with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 against multispecies biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Dentin tubes of extracted bovine maxillary central incisors were infected for 14 days with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The root canals were filled with paste of ethanolic extract of Psidium cattleianum with Ca(OH)2, propyleneglycolic extract of Psidium cattleianum with Ca(OH)2 and calcium hydroxide with distilled water. Saline was used as control. The experimental periods were 24 hours, 3, 7 and 14 days. After each period, irrigation with sterile saline to remove the medicament was performed and the canals were dried with sterile paper points. Burs of increasing diameters were used to collect dentin chips. The collected samples were replicated in agar plates with BHI, and taken into digital counter of colonies. The associations of calcium hydroxide with ethanolic extract and with propyleneglycolic extract of Psidium cattleianum presented higher antimicrobial property than calcium hydroxide associated with distilled water (p<0.01). The ethanolic extract showed the same antibacterial activity in 24 hours than that of Ca(OH)2 associated to propyleneglycolic extract or water in 7 days of activity. All drugs were effective to significantly reduce the number of CFU in all periods of time for Candida albicans. In the experimental conditions used it can be concluded that ethanolic extract of Psidium cattleianum associated with Ca(OH)2 was faster and more effective against E. faecalis than Ca(OH)2 associated with propyleneglycol extract or distilled water. The former needed 24 hours to demonstrate total antibacterial activity, while others needed 7 to 14 days to show the same inhibition. All drugs...

Incidência e características bucais de gêmeos monozigóticos, portadores da Síndrome de Down, considerando os fatores ambiental e comportamental / Incidence and dental characteristics of monozygotic twins with Down Syndrome, considering the environmental and behavioral factors

Pesquisas com gêmeos monozigóticos, procuram investigar se os fatores genéticos sofrem influências do ambiente. Alguns trabalhos relatam algumas características bucais coincidentes, já outros relatam apenas tendências e/ou alterações por interferências do meio ambiente e do comportamento. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a incidência, relatar e comparar as características clínicas bucais de gêmeos monozigóticos, portadores da síndrome de Down, considerando os fatores ambiental e comportamental. Foram investigados todos os pacientes com síndrome de Down, registrados no CAOE-FOA-UNESP e em algumas APAEs dos municípios de Araçatuba, Bauru, Birigui, Adamantina, Auriflama, Guararapes, Cândido Mota, Botucatu, Marília e São José do Rio Preto, cujo critério exigido para a seleção era que fossem gêmeos monozigóticos, portadores da Síndrome de Down, independente do gênero e da faixa etária. Cerca de 2000 mil pacientes com síndrome de Down foram investigados e apenas 2 casos de gêmeos monozigóticos foram encontrados, sendo um do gênero masculino, com 6 anos de idade e outro do gênero feminino, com 51 anos, cujos relatos e exames clínicos bucais permitiram observar a relação existente entre as características mais predominantes e as possíveis causas da interferência do ambiente e do comportamento na genética deles. Concluímos que é baixa a incidência de gêmeos monozigóticos portadores da Síndrome de Down e que as características bucais se assemelham geneticamente em diversos aspectos, porém os fatores ambiental e comportamental relacionados à higiene bucal, hábitos, comportamento, personalidade e dieta podem interferir nessas semelhanças, acarretando modificações e diferenças na condição de saúde bucal e sistêmica de gêmeos monozigóticos com esta síndrome

Research on monozygotic twins, are being investigated to discover whether genetic factors are influenced by the environment. Some studies have reported some coincident mouth characteristics, others have reported only trends and / or modified mouth characteristics by interference of the environment and behavior. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence, reporting and comparing the oral characteristics of monozygotic twins with Down syndrome, considering the environmental and behavioral factors. We investigated all patients with Down syndrome, reported in CAOE-FOA-UNESP and in some institutions that care for these patients in the cities of Araçatuba, Bauru, Birigui, Adamantina, Auriflama, Guararapes, Cândido Mota, Botucatu, Marília and São José do Rio Preto, which criteria required for selection was that they were monozygotic twins, carrying the Down syndrome, regardless of gender and age. About 2,000 patients with Down syndrome were investigated and only 2 cases of monozygotic twins were identified, one male, aged 6 years old and one female, aged 51, whose reports and oral clinical examinations allowed the observation the relationship between the most characteristics predominant and the possible causes of interference from the environment and behavior in the genetics. We concluded that the incidence of monozygotic twins with Down syndrome is low and the mouth characteristics are genetically similar in several aspects, but the environmental and behavioral factors related to oral hygiene, habits, behavior, personality and diet can interfere with such similarities, leading changes and differences in oraland systemic health of monozygotic twins with Down syndrome

Nebulizadores e a possibilidade de transmissão de microrganismos superinfectantes e oportunistas / Nebulizers and the possibility of transmission of superinfecting and opportunistic microorganisms

Objetivo: Avaliar por cultura e PCR a contaminação microbiana de nebulizadores utilizadas em clínicas particulares e públicas, bem como aparelhos de uso domiciliar e hospitalares. Materiais e Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de máscaras, reservatórios e mangueiras de 50 nebulizadores, com auxílio de zaragatoas alginatadas, que eram transferidas para água peptonada e cultivadas após pré-enriquecimento em água peptonada ou caldo EVA. Após a obtenção de cultura pura fazia-se a identificação dos isolados através de testes fenotípicos. A presença dos principais microrganismos oportunistas foi avaliada por PCR utilizando-se de iniciadores e condições de amplificação específicos.Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que não existe uma orientação adequada sobre como deve a contaminação dos dispositivos dos nebulizadores ser controlada, sendo que a freqüência de microrganismos entéricos, estafilococos e pseudomonados foi bastante elevada, particularmente nas amostras obtidas de aparelhos descontaminados com etanol ou que apenas recebiam higiene mecânica. Conclusão: O estudo mostra que os nebulizadores, independentemente se âmbito hospitalar ou domiciliar, são possíveis vias de transmissão de patógenos associados com infecções resistentes a antimicrobianos e essas vias deve ser consideradas com maior ênfase na prevenção.

Objective: Thus, this study evaluated by culture and PCR microbial contamination of nebulizers used in private and public clinics, as well as nebulizers for home and hospital use. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from masks, shells and cups of 50 nebulizers, using sterile swabs, which were transferred to peptoned water and submitted to pre-enrichment in peptone water or EVA broth. After obtaining pure cultures, the identification of the isolates was performed by phenotypic tests. The presence of the main opportunistic microorganisms was also evaluated by PCR using specific primers and conditions. Results: The results showed that there is not proper guidance on how the microbial contamination of the devices of the nebulizers could be controlled, and the frequency of enteric organisms, staphylococci and pseudomonads was particularly high in samples of equipment decontaminated with ethanol or that only received mechanical hygiene. Conclusion: The study shown that the nebulizers, despite if their use is at home or at hospitals, they are possible routes of transmission of pathogens associated with infections resistant to antibiotics and theses routes should be considered with greater emphasis on prevention.

Atividade inibitória de extratos do cerrado brasileiro sobre microrganismos anaeróbios e associados a infecções nosocomiais / Inhibitory activity of extracts of the brazilian cerrado on anaerobic microorganisms and associated with nosocomial infections

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais do cerrado brasileiro sobre microrganismos bucais e patógenos oportunistas. Materiais e Métodos: Nos testes foram preparados extratos hidroalcoólicos e aquosos de 22 espécies de plantas utilizadas nas regiões norte, nordeste e Centro-Oeste como parte de medicina popular. Esses extratos foram testados sobre Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 3384, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 e ATCC 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 2564, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 e Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668. Inicialmente foi realizada uma triagem para se determinar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos. Em seguida, foram realizados testes para avaliar a maior diluição inibitória dos extratos por meio do método de diluição em caldo. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que aproximadamente 20% de todos os extratos mostraram atividade inibitória sobre algum dos microrganismos alvo, os extratos de mais amplo espectro foram os extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos de araçá e aroeira, não apresentando diferença significativa entre aquoso ou hidroalcoólico. Conclusão: Os extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos de araçá e aroeira foram efetivos frente a maioria das cepas teste. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar seus efeitos em baixas concentrações, bem como o mecanismo capaz de inibir microrganismos tão fisiologicamente diferentes quanto os empregados no presente estudo.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of plants from Brazilian savanna on oral microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens. Material and Methods: For the test, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts were prepared from 22 plant species used in the Northern, Northeastern and Midwestern Brazilian?s regions as part of folk medicine. These extracts were tested against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 3384, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 e ATCC 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 2564, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 e Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668. Initially it was performed a screening in order to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracts. In addition, there were conducted tests to evaluate the highest inhibitory dilution by mean of dilution broth method. Results: The results evidenced that 20% of all tested extract presented antimicrobial activity on at least some targeted microorganisms, and the most active were the hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts obtained from araça and aroeira, no significant difference between aqueous and hydroalcoholic. Conclusion: The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from araça e and aroeira were effective against most strains testing. Further studies should be performed to evaluate its effects at low concentrations, as well as the mechanism capable of inhibiting physiologically different microorganisms such as those employed in this study.