Use of insect repellent as personal protection among women of childbearing age in an arbovirus endemic area in Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the individual use of insect repellent by women of childbearing age living in area endemic for arboviruses in Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cohort study carried out between 2018 and 2019 with women aged between 15 and 39 years in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. A total of 1,173 women users of one of the four selected primary health care units participated in the study. The outcome was divided into: continued use, discontinued use, and nonuse of insect repellent. Crude and adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis was carried out guided by a hierarchical model, with presentation of the respective odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The independent variables include: socioeconomic and demographic data, environmental and sanitary characteristics, knowledge of the insect repellent, and behavioral and pregnancy-related aspects. RESULTS: Only 28% of the participants reported using insect repellent during the two waves of the cohort. Women with higher education (OR=2.55; 95%CI 1.44-4.51); who are employed (OR=1.51; 95%CI 1.12-2.03); who received guidance from healthcare professionals (OR=1.74; 95%CI 1.28-2.36) and the media (OR=1.43; 95%CI 1.01-2.02); who intensified precautions against mosquitoes during the epidemic (OR=3.64; 95%CI 2.29-5.78); and who were pregnant between 2016 and 2019 (OR=2.80; 95%CI 1.83-4.30) had increased odds for continued use of insect repellent. CONCLUSION: The use of insect repellent among women of childbearing age was associated with a higher level of education, employment, guidance on insect repellent provided by healthcare professionals and the media, behavioral changes to protect against mosquitoes during the Zika virus epidemic, and pregnancy when occurring as of the beginning of the epidemic period.

Positivity of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika infections in women in Northeast Brazil post-Zika epidemic.

The state of Ceará, in the Northeast Region of Brazil, presents the simultaneous circulation of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. In 2017 there were a high number of cases of these three arboviruses, especially CHIKV. Here, we detected the presence of arboviruses ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV and their coinfections in women in endemic regions of the city of Fortaleza, Ceará in a post-Zika epidemic year. Sociodemographic and environmental characteristics associated with arbovirus positivity were also analyzed. Women (n = 1289) between 15 and 39 years old were included. RT-qPCR was performed for virus detection and IgM antibody positivity was also analyzed. One hundred and six (8.3%) participants were positive for one or more arboviruses. Monoinfections (76; 5.9%) were distributed between 22 (1.7%) for ZIKV, 39 (3.1%) for DENV and 15 (1.2%) for CHIKV. Co-infections were detected in 30 (2.3%) of the positive participants and one case with triple infection was found. IgM positivity was found in 2.4% of ZIKV RT-qPCR, 9.6% of DENV and 16.3% of CHIKV. RT-qPCR positivity for arboviruses was associated with low socioeconomic class and presence of a water box sealing in the household. A higher positivity to the three viruses occurred in the month with the lowest wind velocity, which was also preceded by the highest peak of rain and humidity. We identified the simultaneous circulation and co-infection of ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV in Fortaleza in a post-Zika epidemic year. We also highlight the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance combined with molecular diagnostic tools.

Social inequalities associated with COVID-19 case fatality rate in Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil, 2020. / Desigualdades sociais associadas com a letalidade por COVID-19 na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association among social and health inequalities, socioeconomic status, spatial segregation and Case Fatality Rate (CFR) due to COVID-19 in Fortaleza, the state capital of Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological study of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The 119 neighborhoods of Fortaleza were used as units of analysis. Incidence, mortality and apparent CFR indicators due to COVID-19 were calculated between January 1 and June 8, 2020. Socioeconomic indicators were obtained from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. Spatial analysis was performed and local and global Moran's indexes were calculated. RESULTS: There were 22,830 confirmed cases, 2,333 deaths and the apparent CFR was 12.7% (95% CI 11.6;13.9). Significant spatial autocorrelations between apparent CFR (I=0.35) and extreme poverty (I=0.51), overlapping in several neighborhoods of the city, were found. CONCLUSION: The apparent CFR due to COVID-19 is associated with the worst socioeconomic and health status, which shows the relationship between social inequalities and health outcomes in times of pandemic.

Mortality from AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in the Chilean AIDS Cohort of 2000-2017.

This article aims to assess the sociodemographic and epidemiological factors associated with AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection mortality in the Chilean adult population between 2000 and 2017. This is a retrospective observational study, evaluating the incidence density of TB-HIV coinfection mortality in the population over 14 years of age. We used data from the Chilean AIDS Cohort database, 17,512 people enrolled in highly active antiretroviral therapy in the public health system in Chile. The Kaplan-Meier survival function and Cox regression were applied. Incidence density of 0.05 for 39,283 person-years for mortality with TB-HIV coinfection was recorded, with an increase in new cases in people living with AIDS among Aymara and Mapuche indigenous populations. Risk factors included CD4 < 500 cells/mm3 (HR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.2-4.9), viral load at the start of treatment > 10,000 copies/uL (HR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.2-1.6). Having high school or higher education (HR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.6-0.9) is a protective factor for mortality for coinfection. Mortality was concentrated in TB-HIV coinfected people with increasing mortality among women and indigenous populations. The paper contributes to the growing recognition of the role of social determinants in disease outcomes, and the requirement to improve community-focused and community-based testing, sex education in schools, and structural interventions to reduce the adult mortality in Chilean population.

Social inequalities associated with case fatality rate due to COVID-19 in Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil, 2020 / Desigualdades sociales asociadas con la letalidad por COVID-19 en la ciudad de Fortaleza, Estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2020 / Desigualdades sociais associadas com a letalidade por COVID-19 na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre as desigualdades sociais e sanitárias, condições socioeconômicas, segregação espacial e letalidade por COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de casos confirmados e óbitos por COVID-19, tendo como unidades de análise os 119 bairros de Fortaleza. Objective: To analyze the association between social inequalities and sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, spatial segregation and case-fatality rate (CFR) due to COVID-19 in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Methods: Ecological study of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19, in 119 neighborhoods in Fortaleza as units of analysis. We calculated the indicators of incidence, mortality and apparent CFR of COVID-19, between January 1 to June 8, 2020. The socioeconomic indicators were extracted from the Demographic Census of Brazil, 2010. Spatial analysis was performed and Moran´s Global and Local index were calculated. Results: We found 22,830 confirmed cases, 2,333 deaths and an apparent lethality of 12.7 (95%CI 11.6;13.9). We observed significant spatial autocorrelations for apparent CFR (I=0.35) and extreme poverty (I=0.51) that overlap in several neighborhoods in the city. Conclusion: Apparent CFR due to COVID-19 is associated with worse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, demonstrating the relationship between social inequalities and health outcomes in times of pandemic.

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre as desigualdades sociais e sanitárias, condições socioeconômicas, segregação espacial e letalidade por COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de casos confirmados e óbitos por COVID-19, tendo como unidades de análise os 119 bairros de Fortaleza. Calculou-se os indicadores de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade aparente por COVID-19, entre 1o de janeiro e 8 de junho de 2020. Indicadores socioeconômicos foram extraídos do Censo Demográfico do Brasil de 2010. Foi realizada análise espacial e calculados índice global e local de Moran. Resultados: Encontrou-se 22.830 casos confirmados, 2.333 óbitos e uma letalidade aparente de 12,7 (IC95% 11,6;13,9). Observou-se autocorrelações espaciais significativas para letalidade aparente (I=0,35) e extrema pobreza (I=0,51), sobrepostas em diversos bairros da cidade. Conclusão: A letalidade aparente por COVID-19 está associada a piores condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, demonstrando a relação entre desigualdades sociais e desfechos de saúde em tempos de pandemia.

Desigualdades sociais associadas com a letalidade por COVID-19 na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, 2020 / Desigualdades sociales asociadas con la letalidad por COVID-19 en la ciudad de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2020 / Social inequalities associated with COVID-19 case fatality rate in Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil, 2020

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a associação entre as desigualdades sociais e sanitárias, condições socioeconômicas, segregação espacial e letalidade por COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Métodos Estudo ecológico de casos confirmados e óbitos por COVID-19, tendo como unidades de análise os 119 bairros de Fortaleza. Calcularam-se os indicadores de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade aparente por COVID-19, entre 1º de janeiro e 8 de junho de 2020. Indicadores socioeconômicos foram extraídos do Censo Demográfico do Brasil de 2010. Foi realizada análise espacial e calculados índice global e local de Moran. Resultados Foram encontrados 22.830 casos confirmados, 2.333 óbitos e uma letalidade aparente de 12,7% (IC95% 11,6;13,9). Observaram--se autocorrelações espaciais significativas para letalidade aparente (I=0,35) e extrema pobreza (I=0,51), sobrepostas em diversos bairros da cidade. Conclusão A letalidade aparente por COVID-19 está associada a piores condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, demonstrando a relação entre desigualdades sociais e desfechos de saúde em tempos de pandemia.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre las desigualdades sociales y sanitarias, condiciones socioeconómicas, segregación espacial y letalidad por COVID-19 en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Métodos Estudio ecológico de casos y defunciones confirmadas por COVID-19, se utilizaron, como unidades de análisis, 119 barrios de Fortaleza. Se calcularon los indicadores de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad aparente por COVID-19, entre el 1 de enero y el 8 de junio de 2020. Los indicadores socioeconómicos se extrajeron del Censo Demográfico de Brasil 2010. Se realizó un análisis espacial y calculados los índices Global y Local de Moran. Resultados Se encontraron 22.830 casos confirmados, 2.333 muertes y una letalidad aparente de 12,7 (IC95% 11,6;13,9). Se observaron autocorrelaciones espaciales significativas para letalidad aparente (I=0,35) y extrema pobreza (I=0,51) que se sobreponen en diversos barrios de la ciudad. Conclusión La letalidad por COVID-19 está asociada con peores condiciones socioeconómicas y sanitárias, demostrando la relación entre desigualdades sociales y los resultados de salud en tiempos de pandemia.

Abstract Objective To analyze the association among social and health inequalities, socioeconomic status, spatial segregation and Case Fatality Rate (CFR) due to COVID-19 in Fortaleza, the state capital of Ceará, Brazil. Methods This was an ecological study of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The 119 neighborhoods of Fortaleza were used as units of analysis. Incidence, mortality and apparent CFR indicators due to COVID-19 were calculated between January 1 and June 8, 2020. Socioeconomic indicators were obtained from the 2010 Brazilian Demographic Census. Spatial analysis was performed and local and global Moran's indexes were calculated. Results There were 22,830 confirmed cases, 2,333 deaths and the apparent CFR was 12.7% (95% CI 11.6;13.9). Significant spatial autocorrelations between apparent CFR (I=0.35) and extreme poverty (I=0.51), overlapping in several neighborhoods of the city, were found. Conclusion The apparent CFR due to COVID-19 is associated with the worst socioeconomic and health status, which shows the relationship between social inequalities and health outcomes in times of pandemic.

Mortality from AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in the Chilean AIDS Cohort of 2000-2017 / Mortalidad por SIDA y coinfección por tuberculosis-VIH en la Cohorte Chilena de SIDA de 2000-2017 / Mortalidade por aids e coinfecção tuberculose-HIV na Coorte Chilena de Aids de 2000-2017

Abstract: This article aims to assess the sociodemographic and epidemiological factors associated with AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection mortality in the Chilean adult population between 2000 and 2017. This is a retrospective observational study, evaluating the incidence density of TB-HIV coinfection mortality in the population over 14 years of age. We used data from the Chilean AIDS Cohort database, 17,512 people enrolled in highly active antiretroviral therapy in the public health system in Chile. The Kaplan-Meier survival function and Cox regression were applied. Incidence density of 0.05 for 39,283 person-years for mortality with TB-HIV coinfection was recorded, with an increase in new cases in people living with AIDS among Aymara and Mapuche indigenous populations. Risk factors included CD4 < 500 cells/mm3 (HR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.2-4.9), viral load at the start of treatment > 10,000 copies/uL (HR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.2-1.6). Having high school or higher education (HR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.6-0.9) is a protective factor for mortality for coinfection. Mortality was concentrated in TB-HIV coinfected people with increasing mortality among women and indigenous populations. The paper contributes to the growing recognition of the role of social determinants in disease outcomes, and the requirement to improve community-focused and community-based testing, sex education in schools, and structural interventions to reduce the adult mortality in Chilean population.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los factores sociodemográficos y epidemiológicos asociados con la mortalidad por SIDA y por coinfección tuberculosis-VIH en la población chilena adulta entre los años 2000 y 2017. Se trata de un estudio observacional retrospectivo, evaluando la densidad de incidencia de muertes por la coinfección TB-VIH en una población sobre 14 años de edad. Usamos informaciones de la base de datos de la Cohorte Chilena de SIDA, donde 17.512 personas estaban inscritas en terapia antirretroviral altamente activa dentro del sistema público de salud en Chile. Se aplicaron la función de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier y la regresión de Cox. Se registró una densidad de incidencia de 0,05 en cada 39,283 persona-años para la mortalidad por coinfección TB-VIH, con un incremento de nuevos casos en personas que viven con SIDA entre las poblaciones indígenas Aymara y Mapuche. Los factores de riesgo incluyeron CD4 < 500 células/mm3 (HR = 3,2; IC95%: 2,2-4,9), la carga viral al comienzo del tratamiento > 10,000 copias/uL (HR = 1,3; IC95%: 1,2-1,6), por otro lado, contar con una escolaridad alta o educación superior (HR = 0,76; IC95%: 0,6-0,9) es un factor protector para la mortalidad por coinfección TB-VIH. La mortalidad estuvo concentrada en personas coinfectadas por TB-VIH con una mortalidad elevada entre mujeres y poblaciones indígenas. El estudio contribuye al reconocimiento creciente del papel de los determinantes sociales en los desenlaces de la enfermedad, y la necesidad de mejorar el sistema de pruebas, centrado y basado en la comunidad, educación sexual en las escuelas, e intervenciones estructurales para reducir la mortalidad de adultos en la población chilena.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e epidemiológicos associados à mortalidade por aids e por coinfecção tuberculose-HIV na população adulta chilena entre 2000 e 2017. Este foi um estudo observacional retrospectivo que avaliou a densidade de incidência da mortalidade por coinfecção TB-HIV na população acima de 14 anos de idade. Usamos informações da base de dados da Coorte Chilena de Aids, e 17.512 pessoas estavam inscritas na terapia antirretroviral altivamente ativa através do sistema de saúde pública chileno. Foram aplicadas a função de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e a regressão de Cox. Foi observada densidade de incidência de 0,05 para 39.283 pessoas-ano de mortalidade por coinfecção TB-HIV, com um aumento de casos novos em pessoas vivendo com aids entre as populações indígenas Aymara e Mapuche. Os fatores de risco foram CD4 < 500 células/mm3 (HR = 3,2; IC95%: 2,2-4,9), carga viral no início do tratamento > 10.000 cópias/uL (HR = 1,3; IC95%: 1,2-1,6). O Ensino Médio completo ou mais como escolaridade foi fator de proteção para a mortalidade por coinfecção TB-HIV (HR = 0,76; IC95%: 0,6-0,9). A mortalidade esteve concentrada em pessoas com coinfecção TB-HIV em mulheres e populações indígenas. O artigo contribui para o reconhecimento crescente do papel dos determinantes sociais nos desfechos da doença, chamando atenção para a necessidade de melhorar a testagem centrada e baseada na comunidade, a educação sexual nas escolas e intervenções estruturais para reduzir a mortalidade na população adulta chilena.