Disorder Analysis in Infrared Spectroscopy of Acetylene Ice.

A new method to investigate disorder in ice films is proposed and applied to acetylene ice. It is based on a quantitative analysis of the infrared spectrum data, which includes: the Brendel-Bormann model for the material's dielectric function; molecular vibration modes calculated by density functional theory (DFT); a monomer-dimer model for amorphous ice; and a peak-shape analysis through Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear regression. Acetylene ice films with different degrees of disorder were investigated with the proposed method. The results provide an estimate of the degree of disorder in the films and indicate the possibility of existence of a second amorphous phase of acetylene ice grown at temperatures of about 15 K and then annealed. This phase would be similar to the high-density amorphous phase observed for water ice. The infrared data in this work is compared with those from the literature for acetylene gas, acetylene film, and acetylene aerosol. A qualitative analysis reveals differences in the degree of disorder in each system and points to a crystallinity limit for acetylene ice film; that is, the crystalline acetylene film has a higher degree of intrinsic disorder than the crystalline acetylene aerosol.

Effect of salivary CYP4EM1 and CYP4EM2 gene silencing on the life span of Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) exposed to sublethal dose of deltamethrin.

Control of Chagas disease in endemic countries is primarily accomplished through insecticide spraying for triatomine vectors. In this context, pyrethroids are the first-choice insecticide, and the evolution of insect resistance to these insecticides may represent an important barrier to triatomine control. In insects, cytochrome P450s are enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals that are encoded by genes divided into different families. In this work, we evaluated the role of three Rhodnius prolixus CYP4EM subfamily genes during blood meal and after deltamethrin exposure. CYP4 gene members were expressed in different insect organs (integument, salivary glands (SGs), midgut, fat body and malpighian tubules) at distinct transcriptional levels. CYP4EM1 gene was highly expressed in the SG and was clearly modulated after insect blood meal. Injection of CYP4EM1dsRNA promoted significant reduction in mRNA levels of both CYP4EM1 and CYP4EM2 genes and induced deleterious effects in R. prolixus nymphs subsequently exposed to sublethal doses of deltamethrin (3.4 or 3.8 ng/nymph treated). The higher dose reduced the survival over time and increased susceptibility of R. prolixus nymphs to deltamethrin. A better understanding of this mechanism can help in developing of more efficient strategies to reduce Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in Americas.

Early stages in the self-organization of Si nanopatterns induced by ion bombardment.

We reveal early stages of self-organization of nanopatterns created by 2 keV Cs+ ion-beam irradiation of a Si surface coated with Au and a Ti adhesion layer. After ion-beam etching of the metallic layers, at normal incidence, we first observe distinct transient stages: (I) a dewetting-like pattern of grooves in the Si amorphized layer, sparsely populated with holes, followed by (II) the coexistence of rounded mounds and faceted holes distributed on a flat surface, the latter being an indication of the decisive role played by the crystalline/amorphous interface. Subsequently, the system evolves to stage III, a nanopattern of densely packed nanodots convoluted with a long-wavelength surface corrugation. A momentum-space analysis shows that stages (I) and (II) are identified, respectively, with channel-type and sphere-type quasi order.

NFKF is a synthetic fragment derived from rat hemopressin that protects mice from neurodegeneration.

Previous studies suggested the pharmacological potential of rat hemopressin (PVNFKFLSH) and its shorter synthetic peptide NFKF, to protect from pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. Orally administered NFKF was shown to be hundred times more potent than cannabidiol in delaying the first seizure induced by pilocarpine in mice. Here, using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis we have shown that C57BL/6 J mice orally administrated with NFKF (500 µg/kg) presented better EAE clinical scores and improved locomotor activity compared to saline administrated control mice. NFKF blocked the production of IL-1beta and IL-6, and has high scores binding cannabinoid type 2 receptors. Therefore, NFKF is an exciting new possibility to neurodegenerative diseases therapeutics.

Crotoxin down-modulates pro-inflammatory cells and alleviates pain on the MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a Central Nervous System inflammatory demyelinating disease that has as primary symptoms losses of sensory and motor functions, including chronic pain. To date, however, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of chronic pain in animal models of MS since locomotor impairments render difficult its evaluation. It was previously demonstrated that in the MOG35-55-induced EAE, an animal model of MS, the hypernociception appears before the onset of motor disability, allowing for the study of these two phenomena separately. Here, we evaluated the effect of crotoxin (CTX), a neurotoxin isolated from the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom that displays, at non-toxic dose, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in the pain and in symptoms progression of EAE. The pain threshold of female C57BL/6 mice decreased at the 4th day after immunization, while the first sign of disease appeared around the 11st-12nd days, coinciding with the onset of motor abnormalities. CTX (40 µg/kg, s.c.) administered in a single dose on the 5th day after immunization, induced a long-lasting analgesic effect (5 days), without interfering with the clinical signs of the disease. On the other hand, when crotoxin was administered for 5 consecutive days, from 5th-9th day after immunization, it induced analgesia and also reduced EAE progression. The antinociceptive effect of crotoxin was blocked by Boc-2 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, by NDGA (30 µg/kg, i.p.), a lipoxygenase inhibitor and by atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, administered 30 min before CTX. CTX was also effective in decreasing EAE clinical signs even when administered after its onset. Regarding the interactions between neurons and immunocompetent cells, CTX, in vitro, was able to reduce T cell proliferation, decreasing Th1 and Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, in EAE model, the treatment with 5 consecutive doses of CTX inhibited IFN-γ-producing T cells, GM-CSF-producing T cells, reduced the frequency of activated microglia/macrophages within the CNS and decreased the number of migrating cell to spinal cord and cerebellum at the peak of the disease. These results suggest that CTX is a potential treatment not only for pain alteration but also for clinical progression induced by the disease as well as an useful tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the multiple sclerosis control.

Atomic versus molecular Auger decay in CH2Cl2 and CD2Cl2 molecules.

Autoionization spectra of CH2Cl2 and CD2Cl2 molecules after Cl 2p excitation are studied. The two molecular and atomic Auger transitions are examined and assigned. The contribution of atomic Auger transitions is lower in the deuterated molecule. In addition, to support the presence of the ultrafast dissociation mechanism in the dichloromethane molecule, a series of high-level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations were performed at multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) levels of theory. Minimum energy pathways for the dissociation of the dichloromethane molecule have been calculated by taking into account the spin-orbit splitting between the singlet and triplet transitions in the Cl 2p edge.

Surface damage in cystine, an amino acid dimer, induced by keV ions.

We have studied the interaction of an ion beam (17.6 keV F-) with cystine, a dimer formed by the binding of two cysteine residues. Cystine can be considered as an ideal prototype for the study of the relevance of the disulfide (-S-S-) chemical bond in biomolecules. For the sake of comparison, the amino acid cysteine has also been subjected to the same experimental conditions. Characterization of the samples by XPS and NEXAFS shows that both pristine cystine and pristine cysteine are found as a dipolar ion (zwitterion). Following irradiation, the dimer and the amino acid show a tendency to change from the dipole ion form to the normal uncharged form. The largest spectral modification was observed in the high resolution XPS spectra obtained at around the N 1s core level for the two biomolecules. The 2p sulfur edge spectra of cysteine and cystine were much less sensitive to radiation effects. We suggest that the disulfide bond (-S-S-) remains stable before and after irradiation, contributing to the larger radiation stability of cystine as compared to the amino acid cysteine.

Fragmentation of Valence and Core-Shell (Cl 2p) Excited C2Cl4 Molecule.

The dynamics of the photofragmentation pathways of tetrachloroethylene with photon energies from 15 up to 250 eV encompassing the Cl 2p edge is presented. In order to distinguish the fragmentation channels, the ionic fragments were separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio, measured in coincidence with the photoelectrons, and collected as a function of the incident photon energy. Distinct minima or maxima are found in the partial ion yield in the region between 40 and 50 eV. These features are believed to be associated with the Cooper minimum which results from a molecular orbital with a strong atomic 3p subshell character. In the shallow core region, some fragmentation patterns are considered in terms of fast fragmentation of the C2Cl4 molecule, despite the heavy mass of its fragments. In the present case, the fast fragmentation is favored by the very strong antibonding character of the LUMO, understandable in the frame of the core equivalent model for halogen-containing molecules. In addition, ab initio calculations were performed to obtain states at the Cl 2p edge. Singlet and triplet states at the Cl 2p edge of the C2Cl4 molecule, corresponding to the Cl(2p → 9b1u*) and Cl(2p → 8b2u*) transitions, were calculated in order to form a basis set of molecular states from which the spin-orbit splitting can be inferred. Multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) calculation followed by multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) was the method chosen to establish a set of singlet and triplet states at the 2p excitation edge in addition to the ground state.

Alternative uses of a megavolt tandem accelerator for few-keV studies with ion-source SIMS monitoring.

We increase the versatility of a tandem electrostatic accelerator by implementing simple modifications to the standard operation procedure. While keeping its ability to deliver MeV ion beams, we show that the experimental setup can (i) provide good quality ion beams in the few-keV energy range and (ii) be used to study ion-beam surface modification with simultaneous secondary ion mass spectrometry. This latter task is accomplished without using any chamber connected to the accelerator exit. We perform mass spectrometry of the few-keV anions produced in the ion source by measuring their neutral counterparts at the accelerator exit with energies up to 1.7 MeV. With an additional modification, a high-current few-keV regime is obtained, using the ion source as an irradiation chamber and the accelerator itself only as a mass spectrometer. As an example of application, we prepare a sample for the study of ion-beam assisted dewetting of a thin Au film on a Si substrate.

Childhood trauma, family history, and their association with mood disorders in early adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of childhood trauma and types of trauma on mood disorders among young adults in a population-based sample. We further gathered data on family history of mood disorders to test the hypothesis that childhood trauma is a mediating factor for the association between family history of mood disorder and mood disorder in adulthood. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, including young adults with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and matched controls without any mood disorder. Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Hicks and Tingley implementation was employed to assess whether trauma is a mediator of the effect of family history on diagnosis of any mood disorder. RESULTS: All types of trauma were associated with both major depression and bipolar disorder, with the exception of sexual abuse, which was only associated with bipolar disorder. Moreover, family history of psychiatric illness was also associated with mood disorder in adulthood and with childhood trauma. Using the presence of any mood disorder as the outcome, a third of the effect of having any family history of mood disorder was mediated via childhood trauma. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides further support, in a population-based sample of young adults, of the association between childhood trauma and mood disorders, with sexual abuse being specifically linked with bipolar disorder. The hypothesis that childhood trauma would function as a partial mediator of the association between family history of mood disorder and mood disorder in adulthood was also confirmed.

Inflammation, neurotrophism and oxidative stress and childhood psychopathology in a large community sample.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between peripheral biomarkers and child psychopathology in a large community sample. METHOD: A total of 625 aged 6- to 13-year old subjects were recruited from a community school-based study. Psychopathology was assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Psychiatric diagnosis was evaluated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment. The following biomarkers were examined in peripheral blood: brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-g, and TNF-α), chemokines (eotaxin/CCL11, IP-10, MCP-1), cytokine receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2), and the oxidative stress marker TBARS. RESULTS: We found significant associations between sTNFR2, eotaxin/CCL11 and CBCL total score, as well as with specific dimensions of psychopathology. There were different patterns of association between these biomarkers and psychological and behavioural symptoms in children with and without a mental disorder. TBARS, IL-6 and MCP-1 were more specific to some clusters of symptoms in children with a psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our data support the potential use of biomarkers, especially those involved in immune-inflammatory pathways, in investigating neurodevelopmental psychopathology. Their association with different dimensions of symptoms might be of useful when analyzing illness severity and clusters of symptoms within specific disorders.

The association between biological rhythms, depression, and functioning in bipolar disorder: a large multi-center study.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship between biological rhythms and severity of depressive symptoms in subjects with bipolar disorder and the effects of biological rhythms alterations on functional impairment. METHOD: Bipolar patients (n = 260) and healthy controls (n = 191) were recruited from mood disorders programs in three sites (Spain, Brazil, and Canada). Parameters of biological rhythms were measured using the Biological Rhythms Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN), an interviewer administered questionnaire that assesses disruptions in sleep, eating patterns, social rhythms, and general activity. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses of covariance showed significant intergroup differences after controlling for potential confounders (Pillai's F = 49.367; df = 2, P < 0.001). Depressed patients had the greatest biological rhythms disturbance, followed by patients with subsyndromal symptoms, euthymic patients, and healthy controls. Biological rhythms and HAMD scores were independent predictors of poor functioning (F = 12.841, df = 6, P < 0.001, R2  = 0.443). CONCLUSION: Our study shows a dose-dependent association between the severity of depressive symptoms and degree of biological rhythms disturbance. Biological rhythms disturbance was also an independent predictor of functional impairment. Although the directionality of this relationship remains unknown, our results suggest that stability of biological rhythms should be an important target of acute and long-term management of bipolar disorder and may aid in the improvement of functioning.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in school-aged children with early trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of childhood trauma (CT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines levels remains unclear. We investigated the association between CT and changes in BDNF and cytokines plasma levels in children. METHOD: We recruited 36 children with trauma (CT+) and 26 children without trauma (CT-). The presence of CT was based on a clinical interview and by Criteria A of DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Blood samples were drawn from all children to assess BDNF and cytokines. ancova was performed with psychiatric symptoms and BMI as covariates to evaluate group differences in plasma levels. RESULTS: CT+ showed increased levels of BDNF and TNF-α after excluding children with history of inflammatory disease (P<0.05) when compared with those CT-. IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1ß levels were not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSION: CT+ showed increased BDNF and proinflammatory cytokines levels. The increase in BDNF levels may be an attempt to neutralize the negative effects of CT, while an increase in TNF-a levels be associated with a proinflammatory state after CT. How these changes associated with trauma relate to other biological changes and illness trajectory later in life remain to be further studied.

Prognostic markers of canine pyometra / Marcadores prognósticos na piometra canina

The pyometra is a disease that affects middle age and elderly female dogs during diestrus. Hormonal, microbiological, biochemical and hematological aspects are well described. However, few studies have evaluated the role of each in the prognosis of canine pyometra. The aim of this study was to identify markers associated with clinical worsening of dogs with pyometra. We prospectively evaluated 80 dogs with pyometra treated surgically. Group 1 consisted of dogs that were discharged within 48 hours after surgery and Group 2 consisted of those who required prolonged hospitalization or died. The findings of hematological, biochemical and blood lactate levels were compared between groups and variables such as bacterial multidrug resistance, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hyperlactatemia and increased creatinine were analyzed through the dispersion of frequencies between groups. Among the variables studied, the presence of SIRS and elevated serum creatinine >2.5mg/mL were effective in predicting the worsening of the disease and can be used as prognostic markers of canine pyometra.(AU)

A piometra é doença que acomete as fêmeas da espécie canina de meia-idade a idosa durante o diestro. Aspectos hormonais, microbiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos são bem descritos. Entretanto, são poucos os estudos que avaliam o papel de cada um desses no prognóstico da piometra canina. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar marcadores associados ao agravamento clínico de cadelas com piometra. Foram avaliadas prospectivamente 80 cadelas com piometra tratadas cirurgicamente. O grupo 1 foi composto por cadelas que receberam alta até 48 horas de pós-operatório, e o grupo 2 por aquelas que necessitaram de internamento prolongado ou morreram. Os achados hematológicos, bioquímicos e os níveis do lactato sanguíneo foram comparados entre os grupos, e variáveis como multirresistência bacteriana, síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS), hiperlactatemia e aumento da creatinina foram analisadas por meio da dispersão de frequências entre os grupos. Entre as variáveis estudadas, a presença de SIRS e a elevação da creatinina sérica >2,5mg/mL foram eficazes em predizer o agravamento da doença e podem ser utilizadas como marcadores prognósticos da piometra canina.(AU)

Prognostic markers of canine pyometra / Marcadores prognósticos na piometra canina

The pyometra is a disease that affects middle age and elderly female dogs during diestrus. Hormonal, microbiological, biochemical and hematological aspects are well described. However, few studies have evaluated the role of each in the prognosis of canine pyometra. The aim of this study was to identify markers associated with clinical worsening of dogs with pyometra. We prospectively evaluated 80 dogs with pyometra treated surgically. Group 1 consisted of dogs that were discharged within 48 hours after surgery and Group 2 consisted of those who required prolonged hospitalization or died. The findings of hematological, biochemical and blood lactate levels were compared between groups and variables such as bacterial multidrug resistance, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hyperlactatemia and increased creatinine were analyzed through the dispersion of frequencies between groups. Among the variables studied, the presence of SIRS and elevated serum creatinine >2.5mg/mL were effective in predicting the worsening of the disease and can be used as prognostic markers of canine pyometra...

A piometra é doença que acomete as fêmeas da espécie canina de meia-idade a idosa durante o diestro. Aspectos hormonais, microbiológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos são bem descritos. Entretanto, são poucos os estudos que avaliam o papel de cada um desses no prognóstico da piometra canina. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar marcadores associados ao agravamento clínico de cadelas com piometra. Foram avaliadas prospectivamente 80 cadelas com piometra tratadas cirurgicamente. O grupo 1 foi composto por cadelas que receberam alta até 48 horas de pós-operatório, e o grupo 2 por aquelas que necessitaram de internamento prolongado ou morreram. Os achados hematológicos, bioquímicos e os níveis do lactato sanguíneo foram comparados entre os grupos, e variáveis como multirresistência bacteriana, síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS), hiperlactatemia e aumento da creatinina foram analisadas por meio da dispersão de frequências entre os grupos. Entre as variáveis estudadas, a presença de SIRS e a elevação da creatinina sérica >2,5mg/mL foram eficazes em predizer o agravamento da doença e podem ser utilizadas como marcadores prognósticos da piometra canina...

Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report.

OBJECTIVE: We discuss the rationale behind staging systems described specifically for bipolar disorders. Current applications, future directions and research gaps in clinical staging models for bipolar disorders are outlined. METHOD: We reviewed the literature pertaining to bipolar disorders, focusing on the first episode onwards. We systematically searched data on staging models for bipolar disorders and allied studies that could inform the concept of staging. RESULTS: We report on several dimensions that are relevant to staging concepts in bipolar disorder. We consider whether staging offers a refinement to current diagnoses by reviewing clinical studies of treatment and functioning and the potential utility of neurocognitive, neuroimaging and peripheral biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Most studies to date indicate that globally defined late-stage patients have a worse overall prognosis and poorer response to standard treatment, consistent with patterns for end-stage medical disorders. We believe it is possible at this juncture to speak broadly of 'early'- and 'late'-stage bipolar disorder. Next steps require further collaborative efforts to consider the details of preillness onset and intermediary stages, and how many additional stages are optimal.

Association between respiratory mechanics and autonomic function in morbid obesity.

This study aimed to investigate the association between respiratory mechanics and autonomic modulation in morbidly obese patients. We evaluated 10 morbidly obese subjects (BMI=52.9±11.2kg/m(2)), aged 23-58 years. Assessment of respiratory mechanics was done by the forced oscillation technique (FOT), and cardiovascular autonomic function was recorded by heart rate variability analysis (HRV). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the associations between respiratory mechanics and HRV variables. There were associations between the standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN) and airway resistance (Rm) (r=-0.82; p=0.004), SDNN and respiratory system resistance (R0) (r=-0.79; p=0.006), root mean square of successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (rMSSD) and respiratory system resistance (R5) (r=-0.643; p=0.0451), rMSSD and R0 (r=-0.64; p=0.047), and rMSSD and Rm (r=-0.658; p=0.039). We concluded that the airway and respiratory system resistances are negatively associated with parasympathetic activity in patients with morbid obesity.

Childhood maltreatment and corpus callosum volume in recently diagnosed patients with bipolar I disorder: data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program for Early Mania (STOP-EM).

Childhood trauma (CT) has been associated with abnormalities in the corpus callosum (CC). Decreased CC volumes have been reported in children and adolescents with trauma as well as adults with CT compared to healthy controls. CC morphology is potentially susceptible to the effects of Bipolar Disorder (BD) itself. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between CT and CC morphology in BD. We using magnetic resonance imaging in 53 adults with BD recently recovered from their first manic episode, with (n = 23) and without (n = 30) CT, defined using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and 16 healthy controls without trauma. ANCOVA was performed with age, gender and intracranial volume as covariates in order to evaluate group differences in CC volume. The total CC volume was found to be smaller in BD patients with trauma compared to BD patients without trauma (p < .05). The differences were more pronounced in the anterior region of the CC. There was a significant negative correlation between CTQ scores and total CC volume in BD patients with trauma (p = .01). We did not find significant differences in the CC volume of patients with/without trauma compared to the healthy subjects. Our sample consists of patients recovered from a first episode of mania and are early in the course of illness and reductions in CC volume may occur late in the course of BD. It might mean there may be two sources of CC volume reduction in these patients: the reduction due to trauma, and the further reduction due to the illness.

Spin fluctuations of paramagnetic Rh clusters revealed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism.

The magnetic moment induced on Rh atoms, forming 1.6 nm average diameter clusters, embedded in an Al(2)O(3) matrix, has been determined using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements. The magnetic moment varies linearly with the applied magnetic field. At 2.3 K and under 17 T, the spin magnetic moment amounts to 0.067(2) µ(B)/Rh atom. The orbital moment does not exceed 2% of the spin moment. The susceptibility is highly temperature dependent. This is in agreement with a prediction due to Moriya and Kawabata, that in itinerant electron systems, close to the onset of magnetism, the renormalization of the magnetic susceptibility by electron correlations, leads to a Curie-like behavior.

Comparison of two different extenders for cryopreservation of epididymal dog sperm.

The collection of epididymal sperm is an option for preservation of germplasm of genetically superior animals that need to be orchiectomized or have died. The extender type used to freeze sperm is important to avoid spermatozoal membrane damage and to preserve semen quality after cryopreservation. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of a commercial bovine extender (Bovimix(®); Nutricell, Campinas) and a traditional TRIS-citric acid-glucose-egg yolk-7% glycerol extender on cryopreservation of canine epididymal sperm. The testes of 13 adult dogs were kept at 5 °C for 24 h in saline solution, and epididymal sperm was recovered in Ringers solution without lactate and were evaluated for motility. Samples with ≥ 80% motility were pooled and then divided before dilution and packaging in 0.5 ml plastic straws, equilibration at 4 °C for 1 h, freezing in nitrogen vapour for 20 min and storing at -196 °C. The straws were thawed at 56 °C for 10 s and were evaluated for motility by computer assisted analysis (CASA). The semen parameters, sperm movement index, linearity, total motility and rapid progressive motility were statistically higher in Bovimix(®) than TRIS. In contrast, amplitude of lateral head displacement, slow sperm and static sperm were lower in Bovimix(®). Despite the high percentage of sperm defects in epididymal cells, regardless of the extender, we concluded that Bovimix(®) is a viable alternative for the freezing of canine epididymal sperm.