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1.
Nat Rev Endocrinol ; 18(1): 23-42, 2022 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34703027

ABSTRACT

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing in prevalence owing to decreases in physical activity levels and a shift to diets that include addictive and/or high-calorie foods. These changes are associated with the adoption of modern lifestyles and the presence of an obesogenic environment, which have resulted in alterations to metabolism, adaptive immunity and endocrine regulation. The size and quality of adipose tissue depots in obesity, including the adipose tissue immune compartment, are critical determinants of overall health. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation can occur in adipose tissue that can progress to systemic inflammation; this inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and other comorbidities. An improved understanding of adaptive immune cell dysregulation that occurs during obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities, with an appreciation of sex differences, will be critical for repurposing or developing immunomodulatory therapies to treat obesity and/or T2DM-associated inflammation. This Review critically discusses how activation and metabolic reprogramming of lymphocytes, that is, T cells and B cells, triggers the onset, development and progression of obesity and T2DM. We also consider the role of immunity in under-appreciated comorbidities of obesity and/or T2DM, such as oral cavity inflammation, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Finally, we discuss previous clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications in T2DM and consider the path forward.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Insulin Resistance , Adaptive Immunity , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Female , Humans , Inflammation , Male , Obesity/metabolism
2.
Immunometabolism ; 2(2)2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32292596

ABSTRACT

The burden of aging and obesity is urging extended investigation into the molecular mechanisms that underlie chronic adipose tissue inflammation. B cell-targeted therapies are emerging as novel tools to modulate the immune system and thereby mitigate aging and obesity-related metabolic complications.

3.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ; 64(Pt 1): 131-137, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24030691

ABSTRACT

A bacterial strain, designated strain LP01(T), was isolated from a laboratory-scale microcosm packed with a mixture of soil and sewage sludge compost designed to study the evolution of microbial biodiversity over time. The bacterial strain was selected for its potential ability to store polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as intracellular granules. The cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-endospore-forming motile rods. Phylogenetically, the strain was classified within the genus Massilia, as its 16S rRNA gene sequence had similarity of 99.2 % with respect to those of Massilia albidiflava DSM 17472(T) and M. lutea DSM 17473(T). DNA-DNA hybridization showed low relatedness of strain LP01(T) to the type strains of other, phylogenetically related species of the genus Massilia. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) as the major fatty acid(s). It was found to contain small amounts of the fatty acids C18 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH, a feature that served to distinguish it from its closest phylogenetic relatives within the genus Massilia. The DNA G+C content was 66.0 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data obtained in this study suggest that strain LP01(T) represents a novel species of the genus Massilia, for which the name Massilia umbonata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LP01(T) ( = CECT 7753(T) = DSM 26121(T)).


Subject(s)
Hydroxybutyrates/metabolism , Oxalobacteraceae/classification , Phylogeny , Polyesters/metabolism , Sewage/microbiology , Soil Microbiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Base Composition , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Molecular Sequence Data , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Oxalobacteraceae/genetics , Oxalobacteraceae/isolation & purification , Oxalobacteraceae/metabolism , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Soil , Spain , Ubiquinone/chemistry
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