Plant-growth promoting activity of three fungal endophytes isolated from plants living in dehesas and their effect on Lolium multiflorum.

Endophytic fungi have been demonstrated to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, some of which promote plant growth. Three endophytic fungi isolated from healthy plants living in dehesas of Extremadura (Spain) were identified and evaluated for their ability to produce phytohormone-like substances, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, phosphate solubilization ability and siderophore and ammonia production. The filtrates and extracts produced by the three endophytes were applied to Lolium multiflorum seeds and seedlings under both in vitro and greenhouse conditions, to analyse their influence on plant growth traits such as germination, vigour index, chlorophyll data, number and length of leaves and roots, and dry weight. All three endophytes, which were identified as Fusarium avenaceum, Sarocladium terricola and Xylariaceae sp., increased the germination of L. multiflorum seeds by more than 70%. Shoot and root length, plant dry weight and the number of roots were positively affected by the application of fungal filtrates and/or extracts, compared with controls. The tentative HPLC-MS identification of phytohormone-like substances, such as gibberellin A2 and zeatin, or the antioxidant acetyl eugenol, may partially explain the mechanisms of L. multiflorum plant growth promotion after the application of fungal filtrates and/or extracts.

Agronomic selenium biofortification in Triticum durum under Mediterranean conditions: from grain to cooked pasta.

To improve the nutritional value of durum wheat and derived products, two foliar Se fertilisers (sodium selenate and selenite) were tested at four rates (0-10-20-40gha(-1)) in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 in southwestern Spain. There was a strong and linear relationship between total Se or selenomethionine (Se-Met) accumulation in grain and Se dose for both fertilisers, although selenate was much more efficient. Se-Met was the main Se species (≈90%) of the total Se extracted from all materials. Milling caused a 27% loss of Se due to the removal of Se located in bran and germ. In the pasta making process and the cooking process the loss of Se, mainly as selenite, was about 7%. Durum wheat may be a good candidate to be included in Se biofortification programs under rainfed Mediterranean conditions, as foodstuffs derived from it could efficiently increase the Se content in the human diet.

Interaction between Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata in red and jack pine seedlings.

Sphaeropsis sapinea sensu lato is a conifer fungal pathogen that causes shoot blight and stem cankers. Recently, the former S. sapinea has been divided into two species, Diplodia pinea and D. scrobiculata. The aims of the study were to determine the contribution of each species in disease development on red and jack pines by means of co-inoculations and molecular identifications, and to evaluate how the presence of each species affects the development and aggressiveness of the other. Symptom severity (distance below the inoculation site at which necrotic needles were observed) and identification length (the maximum distance from inoculation site from which either D. pinea or D. scrobiculata was identified using molecular methods) were recorded 4 weeks after inoculating wounded seedlings with agar plugs colonized by these pathogens. The results suggested that D. pinea was much more aggressive on both hosts than D. scrobiculata. When a seedling was co-inoculated with these pathogens, the symptom development appeared to be mainly due to D. pinea. The presence of D. pinea also interfered with the establishment of D. scrobiculata in the plant tissue. However, D. scrobiculata showed antagonism toward D. pinea. When both pathogens co-occurred in a single seedling, symptom severity caused by D. pinea was less than when D. pinea alone was present.