Long-term Kidney Function Evolution in Living Kidney Donors: A Single Center Experience.

Living donor kidney transplant is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease, posing minimal perioperative morbimortality for the donor, although long-term consequences are subject of debate if donor acceptance widens. We present a retrospective observational study analyzing clinical, demographic, and analytical variables throughout the follow-up period of 60 kidney donors whose procedures were performed between 1985 and 2021 at our hospital. Donors were divided according to their previous high blood pressure status, analyzing kidney function and other clinical parameters throughout follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences, although there was a trend toward a higher uric acid levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in predonation patients with hypertension, not yielding an excess of end-stage kidney disease between groups at the end of the follow-up. We also analyzed the evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), dividing patients into tertiles, which resulted in none of the parameters associating a higher rate of progression. All donors had an eGFR >71 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the time of donation. Over time, a decline in eGFR <60 mL/min/m/1.73 m2 was observed in 26 patients (53.6%), measured by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimation and in 55.4% of the total (31 patients) by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. At our center, kidney donors with adequate predonation eGFR, although presenting a reduction in postnephrectomy eGFR, remain stable afterward, with none of them reaching an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. We found no differences in the impact of high blood pressure on long-term eGFR, nor predictive factors influencing the rate of eGFR decline. Studies with larger number of patients are needed to confirm these results.

[Teaching nephrology as part of a degree in medicine]. / La docencia de la nefrología en el grado de medicina.

The teaching of nephrology as part of a degree in medicine is potentially one of the most decisive factors when choosing a speciality. Until now, however, we have not had an overview of the teaching of nephrology in Spain. We have integrated information available in public databases with a survey and personal interviews with those responsible for teaching in Spanish medical faculties. In 2019, there were 44 universities offering a medicine degree in Spain, in 16 Autonomous Communities (34 of which were public and 10 private). For learning purposes, students have a number of hospital beds ranging from 0.2 to 4.7, and there are Autonomous Communities that have a higher proportion of students per inhabitant or per physician, such as Madrid or the Community of Navarra. In 16 universities there are tenured teaching staff (professors and lecturers), in 8 contracted medical lecturers, and in 2 assistant lecturers. In 21 medical faculties, theoretical and practical nephrology is taught by associate lecturers. The subject is taught between the third and fifth years of the degree, the median being the fourth year. It is usually integrated with another subject and only in the University of Navarra is it an independent subject, with 3 credits. The total number of hours devoted to theoretical teaching (both theoretical classes and seminars) is highly variable and ranges from 11 to 35, with a median of 17.5. Variability is observed in both the number of theoretical subjects (range 11 to 31) and seminars (range 0 to 9). Among the faculties that teach seminars, the ratio of theoretical topics to seminars ranges from 1.6 to 18. Most faculties evaluate clinical practices with various modalities and percentage of assessment. Knowledge is mostly assessed by a multiple choice exam. In conclusion, there is a high level of variability in the curriculum for the teaching of nephrology as part of a degree in medicine in Spain. Teaching staff who are tenured or who have a stable affiliation with universities make up just 23% of the total and, in many faculties, teaching depends exclusively on associate professors.

Teaching nephrology as part of a degree in medicine.

The teaching of nephrology as part of a degree in medicine is potentially one of the most decisive factors when choosing a speciality. Until now, however, we have not had an overview of the teaching of nephrology in Spain. We have integrated information available in public databases with a survey and personal interviews with those responsible for teaching in Spanish medical faculties. In 2019, there were 44 universities offering a medicine degree in Spain, in 16 Autonomous Communities (34 of which were public and 10 private). For learning purposes, students have a number of hospital beds ranging from 0.2 to 4.7, and there are Autonomous Communities that have a higher proportion of students per inhabitant or per physician, such as Madrid or the Community of Navarra. In 16 universities there are tenured teaching staff (professors and lecturers), in eight contracted medical lecturers, and in two assistant lecturers. In 21 medical faculties, theoretical and practical nephrology is taught by associate lecturers. The subject is taught between the third and fifth years of the degree, the median being the fourth year. It is usually integrated with another subject and only in the University of Navarra is it an independent subject, with three credits. The total number of hours devoted to theoretical teaching (both theoretical classes and seminars) is highly variable and ranges from 11 to 35, with a median of 17.5. Variability is observed in both the number of theoretical topics (range 11-31) and seminars (range 0-9). Among the faculties that teach seminars, the ratio of theoretical topics to seminars ranges from 1.6 to 18. Most faculties evaluate clinical practices with various modalities and percentage of assessment. Knowledge is mostly assessed by a multiple choice exam. In conclusion, there is a high level of variability in the curriculum for the teaching of nephrology as part of a degree in medicine in Spain. Teaching staff who are tenured or who have a stable affiliation with universities make up just 23% of the total and, in many faculties, teaching depends exclusively on associate professors.

The Spanish Society of Nephrology (SENEFRO) commentary to the Spain GBD 2016 report: Keeping chronic kidney disease out of sight of health authorities will only magnify the problem / Comentario de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SENEFRO) al informe GBD 2016 España: mantener la enfermedad renal crónica fuera del radar de las autoridades sanitarias solo magnificará el problema

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the health of populations worldwide and by country on an annual basis and aims at helping guide public policy on health issues. The GBD estimates for Spain in 2016 and recent trends in mortality and morbidity from 2006 to 2016 were recently published. According to these estimates, chronic kidney disease was the 8th cause of death in Spain in 2016. Among the top ten causes of death, chronic kidney disease was the fastest growing from 2006 to 2016, after Alzheimer disease. At the current pace of growth, chronic kidney disease is set to become the second cause of death in Spain, after Alzheimer disease, by 2100. Additionally, among major causes of death, chronic kidney disease also ranked second only to Alzheimer as the fastest growing cause of Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Public resources devoted to prevention, care and research on kidney disease should be in line with both its current and future burden

El estudio Global Burden of Disease (GBD) mide la salud de las poblaciones en todo el mundo y en cada país de forma annual, y tiene como objetivo ayudar a orientar las políticas públicas sobre cuestiones de salud. Recientemente se publicaron las estimaciones GBD 2016 para España y las tendencias recientes en mortalidad y morbilidad de 2006 a 2016. Según estas estimaciones, la enfermedad renal crónica fue la octava causa de muerte en España en 2016. Entre las 10 principales causas de muerte, la enfermedad renal crónica fue la que más creció entre 2006 y 2016, después de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Al ritmo actual de crecimiento, la enfermedad renal crónica se convertirá en la segunda causa de muerte en España, después del Alzheimer, hacia el 2100. Además, entre las principales causas de muerte, la enfermedad renal crónica también ocupa el segundo lugar después del Alzheimer como la que más creció en años vividos con discapacidad (AVD) y en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Los recursos públicos dedicados a la prevención, atención e investigación de la enfermedad renal deberían estar en línea con su carga actual y futura

The Spanish Society of Nephrology (SENEFRO) commentary to the Spain GBD 2016 report: Keeping chronic kidney disease out of sight of health authorities will only magnify the problem.

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the health of populations worldwide and by country on an annual basis and aims at helping guide public policy on health issues. The GBD estimates for Spain in 2016 and recent trends in mortality and morbidity from 2006 to 2016 were recently published. According to these estimates, chronic kidney disease was the 8th cause of death in Spain in 2016. Among the top ten causes of death, chronic kidney disease was the fastest growing from 2006 to 2016, after Alzheimer disease. At the current pace of growth, chronic kidney disease is set to become the second cause of death in Spain, after Alzheimer disease, by 2100. Additionally, among major causes of death, chronic kidney disease also ranked second only to Alzheimer as the fastest growing cause of Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Public resources devoted to prevention, care and research on kidney disease should be in line with both its current and future burden.

Relación entre la ingesta de sal y la presión arterial en pacientes hipertensos / Relationship between salt intake and blood pressure in hypertensive patients

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial resistente o refractaria al tratamiento supone un serio problema de salud pública y aunque, no están claros los mecanismos por los que se produce esta resistencia, se sospecha que el consumo de sodio puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la misma. Objetivo: Determinar si los pacientes con hipertensión resistente toman sodio oculto en los alimentos ingeridos en su dieta; así como relacionar este consumo con sus hábitos dietéticos. Pacientes y Métodos: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes con una media de edad de 74,25±6,38 años, (65,6% hombres y 34,4% mujeres). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante entrevista estructurada sobre consumo de alimentos. Se estudió: edad, género, estado civil, presión arterial, responsable de la elaboración de las comidas, índice de masa corporal (IMC), consumo de sodio oculto en la dieta y percepción de los pacientes sobre su consumo de sodio. Resultados: Se encontró una ingesta media real de 3693,56±2330,97 mg de sodio. En el 59,4% de los casos las comidas las elaboraba otra persona diferente al paciente, siendo mayor el consumo de sodio en estos pacientes (3.709,44±529,37 frente a 3.677,69±649,27 mg. Respecto a la percepción sobre la cantidad de sodio ingerida, el 9,4% decían no tomar nada, el 56,3% poco, el 21,9% lo normal y el 12,5% bastante. Los que decían no tomar nada de sodio y lo normal, el mayor aporte lo hacían durante la cena; y los que decían tomar poco sodio y bastante, era en el almuerzo. Se encontró correlación significativa entre ingesta de sodio total e IMC (r=0,411, p<0,05). No se encontró relación entre consumo de sodio y hipertensión arterial. Conclusiones: Al menos en la muestra estudiada, no existe relación entre ingesta de sodio y presión arterial; existe una relación directa entre consumo de sodio y la persona que cocina. Por otro lado, la percepción que tienen estos pacientes respecto a su consumo de sodio es adecuada (AU9

Introduction: Arterial hypertension resistant or refractory to treatment is a serious public health problem and although it is unclear what mechanisms by which this resistance occurs, it is suspected that sodium intake can play an important role. Objective: To determine whether patients with resistant hypertension take hidden sodium in food eaten in your diet; and relate this intake with their dietary habits. Patient and Methods: 32 patients (65.6% men and 34.4% women) were studied with an average age of 74.25 ± 6.38 years. A descriptive and cross-sectional study using structured interview on food consumption. The following variables were studied: age, gender, marital status, blood pressure, responsible for the preparation of meals, body mass index (BMI), consumption of hidden sodium in the diet and perception of patients about their sodium intake. Results: A real average intake of 3693.56 ± 2330.97 mg sodium was found. In 59.4% of cases, the meals were made by someone different to the patient, being higher sodium intake in these patients (3709.44 ± 529.37 mg vs 3677.69 ± 649.27 mg). Regarding the perception of the amount of ingested sodium, 9.4%: ate nothing, 56.3%: little, 21.9%: normal and 12.5%: quite. Those who said they ate no sodium and normal intake, the largest contribution was made during dinner; and those who said eating low sodium, and quite, was at lunch. Significant correlation between total sodium intake and BMI (r = 0.411, p <0.05) was found. No relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure was found. Conclusions: At least in the studied sample, there is no relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure; there is a direct relationship between sodium intake and the person who cooks. Furthermore, the perception in these patients regarding their sodium intake is adequate (AU)

Análisis de los factores asociados a la calidad de vida del paciente hipertenso / Analysis of factors associated with the quality of life i nhigh blood pressure patients

Introducción: En la Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) existen una serie de factores asociados a la misma que inciden en la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) de la población en general, como es el caso de la Diabetes Mellitus, el hábito tabáquico, alimentación, etc. Objetivo: Analizar la CVRS y los factores asociados a ésta, en pacientes con HTA controlados en la Unidad de Hipertensión de la Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Nefrología del Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS) de Córdoba. Pacientes y Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en 33 pacientes hipertensos con una edad media de 73,24±5,55 años; 20 hombres (60,6%) y 13 mujeres (39,4%) controlados en la Unida de Hipertensión de la UGC Nefrología del HURS de Córdoba. Se analizó la CVRS mediante el cuestionario de salud SF-36. Para el análisis de la dependencia se utilizó el Índice de Barthel. Resultados: Los valores de la CVRS fueron: Salud General 43.36±24.84, Función Física 58.18±32.71, Rol Físico 78.98±34.51, Rol Emocional 82.07±28.50, Función Social 81.81±33.67, Dolor Corporal 66.06±39.42, Vitalidad 63.83±33,80, Salud Mental 70.45±29.27. La Función Física, Salud General y Dolor Corporal fueron las dimensiones en las que puntuaron más bajo que la población de referencia. Respecto al grado de dependencia, el 45.45% eran independientes el 51.51% presentaban dependencia leve, y el 3.03% presentaban una dependencia grave. Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre edad y la dimensión Función Física y Vitalidad; entre peso y Rol Físico y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC); entre ejercicio y Función Social; entre el IMC y Rol Físico y Componente Salud Física. Los pacientes con algún grado de dependencia tenían disminuida la CVRS en comparación con los independientes. Conclusiones: A la vista de nuestros resultados podemos afirmar que, al menos en la muestra estudiada, la disminución de la CVRS está relacionada con tener algún grado de dependencia y no con padecer HTA, siendo la Salud General, la Función Física y el Dolor Corporal las dimensiones que peor puntúan respecto a la población general. El aumento de la edad y/o el IMC se relacionan con peor CVRS (AU)

Introduction: High Blood Pressure (HBP) is associated with several factors that affect the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of the general population, such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, feeding, etc. Objective: To analyze the HRQOL and associated factors in patients with controlled high blood pressure in the Hypertension Unit of Clinical Management Unit (CMU) of Nephrology, University Hospital Reina Sofía (UHRS) of Cordoba. Patients and Methods: An observational, descriptive study was conducted in 33 hypertensive patients with a mean age of 73.24 ± 5.55 years; 20 men (60.6%) and 13 women (39.4%) monitored in the Hypertension Unit of CMU of Nephrology in UHRS of Cordoba. HRQL was analyzed by the health SF-36 questionnaire. For the analysis of dependence, Barthel Index was used. Results: HRQL values were: General Health 43.36 ± 24.84; Physical Function 58.18 ± 32.71; Physical Role 78.98 ± 34.51; Emotional Role 82.07 ± 28.50; Social Function 81.81 ± 33.67; Body Pain 66.06 ± 39.42; Vitality 63.83 ± 33.80; Mental health 70.45 ± 29.27. Physical function, General Health and Body Pain were the dimensions in which they scored lower than the reference population. Regarding the degree of dependence, 45.45% were independent; 51.51% mild dependence and 3.03% severe dependence. A statistically significant correlation between age and Physical Function and Vitality dimensions was found; between weight and Physical Role and Body Mass Index (BMI); between exercise and Social Function; between BMI and Physical Role and Physical Health. Patients with some degree of dependency had diminished HRQOL compared to independents. Conclusions: According to the results, it can be stated that, at least in the studied sample, lower HRQOL is associated with some degree of dependency and not with suffering from high blood pressure; being the General Health, Physical Function and Body Pain the dimensions with worse scores compared to the general population. Increased age and/or BMI are related to lower HRQOL (AU)

Reflexiones a propósito de dos documentos de consenso sobre enfermedad renal crónica / Reflections on two consensus documents about chronic kidney disease

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