ABSTRACT
Rural communities in Mexico and other countries with limited economic resources require a low-cost measurement system for the piezometric level and temperature of groundwater for their sustainable management, since anthropogenic action (pumping extractions), natural recharge and climate change phenomena affect the behavior of piezometric levels in the aquifer and its sustainability is at risk. Decrease in the piezometric level under a balanced level promotes salt intrusion from ocean water to the aquifer, salinizing and deteriorating the water quality for agriculture and other activities; and a decrease in water level under the pumps or well drilling depth could deprive communities of water. Water temperature monitoring is essential to determine electric conductivity and dissolved salt content in groundwater. Using IoT technology, a device was developed that monitors both variables inside the well, and the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure outside the well. The measurements are made in real time, with sampling every second and sending data to a dedicated server every 15 min so that the visualization can be accessed through a device with Internet access. The time series of the variables measured inside and outside the well were obtained over a period of three months in the rural community of Agua Blanca, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. Through these records, a progressive temporary drawdown of the piezometric level is observed, as well as the frequency of pumping. This low-cost IoT system shows potential use in hydrological processes of interest such as the separation of regional and local flow, drawdown rates and recognition of geohydrological parameters.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (Fv) causes considerable agricultural and economic losses and is harmful to animal and human health. Fv can infect maize throughout its long agricultural cycle, and root infection drastically affects maize growth and yield. Methods: The root cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against soilborne pathogens such as Fv. This study compares two contrasting genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) roots that are resistant (RES) or susceptible (SUS) to Fv infection by using transcriptomics, fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy analyses, and ddPCR. Results: Seeds were infected with a highly virulent local Fv isolate. Although Fv infected both the RES and SUS genotypes, infection occurred faster in SUS, notably showing a difference of three to four days. In addition, root infections in RES were less severe in comparison to SUS infections. Comparative transcriptomics (rate +Fv/control) were performed seven days after inoculation (DAI). The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each rate revealed 733 and 559 unique transcripts that were significantly (P ≤0.05) up and downregulated in RES (+Fv/C) and SUS (+Fv/C), respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis identified coumarin and furanocoumarin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways as being highly enriched with specific genes involved in cell wall modifications in the RES genotype, whereas the SUS genotype mainly displayed a repressed plant-pathogen interaction pathway and did not show any enriched cell wall genes. In particular, cell wall-related gene expression showed a higher level in RES than in SUS under Fv infection. Analysis of DEG abundance made it possible to identify transcripts involved in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, biosynthetic and catabolic processes, pectin biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis and organization. Root histological analysis in RES showed an increase in lignified cells in the sclerenchymatous hypodermis zone during Fv infection. Discussion: These differences in the cell wall and lignification could be related to an enhanced degradation of the root hairs and the epidermis cell wall in SUS, as was visualized by SEM. These findings reveal that components of the root cell wall are important against Fv infection and possibly other soilborne phytopathogens.
ABSTRACT
AbstractBivalves reproductive cycle varies according to the particular environmental conditions where they are found, and these reproductive details represent basic information for their capture, management and conservation strategies. With this objective, the reproductive cycle of the clam Megapitaria squalida, inhabiting the Southeast of the Gulf of California (Altata Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico), was studied using histology and changes in the number and size of oocytes, from June 2013 to June 2014. Histological analysis of the gonads showed spawning activity throughout the year, with two peaks. The first was registered in October and it was accompanied by the highest decrease of weight; the second was in February with the highest percentage of spawning population; besides, a resting period was observed in December. The sex-ratio (female:male) of the clam population was 1.08:1 (χ2 = 5.72, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05). Mean oocyte size and number were different (P < 0.05) among all sampling months and fluctuated from 34.6 ± 5.8 µm in June 2014, to 41.9 ± 6.8 µm in February 2014, and from 443.8 ± 424.5 in February 2014, to 1 214.4 ± 267.6 counted in April, respectively. With these results we suggest a protection season from October to November, when the most intense release of gametes occur in this population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 881-889. Epub 2017 September 01.
ResumenEl ciclo reproductivo de los bivalvos varía de acuerdo a las condiciones ambientales de cada lugar, y representa información importante para su conservación. Se estudió el ciclo reproductivo de la almeja Megapitaria squalida utilizando cortes histológicos de la gónada y cambios en el número y tamaño de los oocitos, en el sur del Golfo de California (Bahía Altata, Sinaloa, México), desde junio 2013 a junio 2014. El análisis histológico de las gónadas, mostró eventos de desove todo el año con dos picos: el primero fue registrado en octubre acompañado con un fuerte decremento en peso de los animales; el segundo en febrero caracterizado por un alto porcentaje de desove en la población. Se observó un periodo de reposo en diciembre. La proporción sexual (hembras:machos) de la población de almejas fue 1.08:1 (χ2 = 5.72, g.l. = 1, P < 0.05). El número y tamaño promedio de los oocitos mostró diferencias (P < 0.05) entre los muestreos mensuales, y fluctuaron de 34.6 ± 5.8 µm en junio 2014 a 41.9 ± 6.8 µm en febrero 2014, y de 443.8 ± 424.5 en febrero 2014, a 1 214.4 ± 267.6 en abril 2014. Se propone una temporada de veda desde octubre a noviembre, ya que en estos meses la liberación de gametos por la población fue más intensa.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, aspects of the reproductive biology of Lutjanus peru that can be used for the fishery management are described. Samples were taken monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches in the southern coast of Guerrero, Mexico. A global sex ratio of 1:1.37 (M:F) was found, but the sex ratio was highly variable each month. The condition factor, gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic and stomach fullness indexes were analyzed. None of the morphophysiological indexes showed any clear tendency. From 377 gonads, both male and female, five developmental stages were characterized for each sex. L. peru shows asynchronous gonad development and multiple spawning. Two spawning period were observed in 1993 (March, and August-September) and three in 1994 (April-May, July-August, and November), with a maximum in August of both years. Length at first maturity for the females of L. peru was estimated at 295 mm fork length.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Fishes , Gonads , Sexual Maturation , Fishes , Gonads , Mexico , Reproduction , SeasonsABSTRACT
In this paper we describe the feeding habits of the Red snapper (Lutjanus peru) in the southern coast of Guerrero state, Mexico. This data could be relevant to local fisheries management. In total 385 full stomachs (206 from females and 179 from males) were collected monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches. Stomach contents were identified to species level when possible. Food items were grouped into taxonomically coherent groups, and their numbers, weight and frequency of occurrence obtained. The index of relative importance (IRI) was calculated for the total sample, by month, sex and size class. In 1993, a total of 42 different food items were obtained, and 43 in 1994. Food items consisted of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks. The grouping of prey species, genera, or families rendered 14 food groups, as follows: Mollusks, Amphipods, Copepods, Stomatopods, Penaeus vannamei, Brachiuran Larvae, Stomatopods Larvae, Family Albuneidae Larvae, Other crustaceans, Anchoa ischana, Anchoa lucida, Other fishes, Salps and Unidentified organic matter. Anchoa ischana dominated the trophic spectrum in both years. Although, Amphipods, Anchoa lucida and Other fishes had important indexes in 1994. There was high variability in the diet composition by month. Nevertheless, in 1993, from February to August, crustaceans as a whole dominated the diet. In 1994, crustaceans only dominated in March and August. No differences in food habits were found between immature fish, males and females. The diet of the Red snapper varies as they grow, although the same food groups are found always. At the adult phase, in length classes over 261 mm FL, there is some degree of specialization, as they consume more fish, particularly engraulids.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Diet , Fishes , Gastrointestinal Contents , Mexico , Seasons , Sex RatioABSTRACT
In this paper, aspects of the reproductive biology of Lutjanus peru that can be used for the fishery management are described. Samples were taken monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches in the southern coast of Guerrero, Mexico. A global sex ratio of 1:1.37 (M:F) was found, but the sex ratio was highly variable each month. The condition factor, gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic and stomach fullness indexes were analyzed. None of the morphophysiological indexes showed any clear tendency. From 377 gonads, both male and female, five developmental stages were characterized for each sex. L. peru shows asynchronous gonad development and multiple spawning. Two spawning period were observed in 1993 (March, and August-September) and three in 1994 (April-May, July-August, and November), with a maximum in August of both years. Length at first maturity for the females of L. peru was estimated at 295 mm fork length.
Subject(s)
Fishes/growth & development , Gonads/growth & development , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Animals , Female , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Gonads/anatomy & histology , Male , Mexico , Reproduction/physiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
In this paper we describe the feeding habits of the Red snapper (Lutjanus peru) in the southern coast of Guerrero state, Mexico. This data could be relevant to local fisheries management. In total 385 full stomachs (206 from females and 179 from males) were collected monthly in 1993 and 1994, from commercial catches. Stomach contents were identified to species level when possible. Food items were grouped into taxonomically coherent groups, and their numbers, weight and frequency of occurrence obtained. The index of relative importance (IRI) was calculated for the total sample, by month, sex and size class. In 1993, a total of 42 different food items were obtained, and 43 in 1994. Food items consisted of fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks. The grouping of prey species, genera, or families rendered 14 food groups, as follows: Mollusks, Amphipods, Copepods, Stomatopods, Penaeus vannamei, Brachiuran Larvae, Stomatopods Larvae, Family Albuneidae Larvae, Other crustaceans, Anchoa ischana, Anchoa lucida, Other fishes, Salps and Unidentified organic matter. Anchoa ischana dominated the trophic spectrum in both years. Although, Amphipods, Anchoa lucida and Other fishes had important indexes in 1994. There was high variability in the diet composition by month. Nevertheless, in 1993, from February to August, crustaceans as a whole dominated the diet. In 1994, crustaceans only dominated in March and August. No differences in food habits were found between immature fish, males and females. The diet of the Red snapper varies as they grow, although the same food groups are found always. At the adult phase, in length classes over 261 mm FL, there is some degree of specialization, as they consume more fish, particularly engraulids.
