The influence of political disagreements and corruption on state health leader turnover during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

PURPOSE: Governments faced formidable challenges in coordinating public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to enhance the understanding of effective organizational leadership during crises by investigating the factors influencing the turnover of health leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using primary data encompassing all appointments and dismissals of federal and state health secretaries, this paper conducted a quantitative analysis of the relational and reputational factors that contributed to leader turnover during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper also examined whether leaders' management and public health experience increase the duration of tenure. FINDINGS: States encountered significant challenges in retaining experienced and effective leadership during the health emergency, primarily due to political conflicts in policymaking and, to a lesser extent, allegations of corruption. Furthermore, leaders with expertise in public health were found to be less likely to be removed from office. However, managerial experience did not prolong the tenure of state health secretaries during the emergency. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Since most health leaders have public health and management experience, the contributions of each factor to the duration of a secretary's tenure are difficult to separate and analyze separately. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides empirical insights into what factors drive health leader turnover during major health emergencies. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: During major health emergencies, health leaders often strongly disagree with elected officials on the response. This paper test how crisis leadership theories help explain state health leaders' duration in one of the world's largest public health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper find that policy disagreements contributed to significant turnover. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first that are aware of that uses novel primary data on public health executive leader characteristics and turnover causes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides empirical evidence contributing to the crisis leadership literature by examining health leader turnover in one of the world's largest public health systems.

Extracts from jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) peel and seeds: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and synergistic effect of extract combinations.

In this work, the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of hydroalcoholic extracts from the peel and seeds of jatobá fruit and the synergistic effect of their combination against pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. The 80% ethanol fruit seed extract showed a greater antioxidant potential and higher total phenolic content (5135.61 mg GAE 100 g dry residue-1) than the maximum value obtained from peel extract using 50% ethanol (2614.74 1 mg GAE 100 g dry residue-1). Moreover, 70% and 80% ethanol seed extracts inhibited most bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 and 8.0 mg mL-1), when compared with extracts from peel. Combining the 70% ethanol extracts from peels and seeds reduced their inhibitory concentration by about 4 to 32 times against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella enteritidis, when compared to each extract alone. Extracts from the peel and seeds of the jatobá fruit showed potential as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials.

One Decade of Environmental Disasters in Brazil: The Action of Veterinary Rescue Teams.

Based on the interdisciplinary concept of One Health, EcoHealth, and Planetary Health, this paper focuses on participatory knowledge-to-action approaches by relating one decade of environmental disasters in Brazil with the action of veterinary rescue teams, aiming to give support to future disaster preparedness. This paper will present the historic actions of teams rescuing animal that are victims of environmental disasters, in addition to addressing the need for contingency plans and response management in these types of events. The main events in Brazilian states where veterinary rescue teams participated were, chronologically, as follows: 2011 flood and landslide (Rio de Janeiro); 2012 flood (Acre, Minas Gerais, and Pará); 2015 dam break (Minas Gerais); 2017 flood (Minas Gerais) and forest fire (Minas Gerais and Goiás); 2019 dam break and evacuation (Minas Gerais) and flood (Bahia); 2020 flood (Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais) and forest fires (Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul). The Brazilian disasters that had a large global repercussion were the ruptures of the ore dams in Marina (2015) and Brumadinho (2019), both in the State of Minas Gerais. The role of veterinarians in these events was recognized by the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine (CFMV) after their performance in Mariana, Minas Gerais (2015), and in 2020, the CFMV approved the National Mass Disaster Contingency Plan Involving Animals. The work of veterinarians in interaction with other professionals in environmental disasters proved to be effective and necessary for the rescue of animals and for planning and giving support to disaster preparedness in the future.

Improvement of bioactive compounds content in granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) seeds after solid-state fermentation.

Fermentation improves the bioactivity of fruit by-products; therefore, this study aimed to increase the bioactive compound content in granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) seed flour (with 50% and 70% initial moisture) through solid-state fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus niger. The extracts were obtained with distilled water, 40% acetone, 80% acetone, 40% ethanol, or 80% ethanol. The highest total phenolic (4713.3 of gallic acid equivalent/100 g of granadilla seed flour in dry basis) and total flavonoid (1910.4 mg of quercetin/100 g of granadilla seed flour in dry basis) contents were obtained with granadilla flour at 50% initial moisture fermented for 48 h with 80% acetone extractor solvent. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with 80% acetone from flour fermented for 168 h. The chromatographic analysis showed 10 compounds identified in the 80% acetone extracts of fermented flour; gallic acid and epigallocatechin were the major compounds. Gallic acid, catechin, 6,2'-di-hydroxyflavone, ethyl gallate and coumarin had higher concentrations in extracts of fermented flours when compared with unfermented ones. Only fermented flours showed the presence of protocatechuic acid compound. The solid-state fermentation was efficient to obtain extracts of granadilla seed flour enrichment of antioxidant bioactive compounds with potential of application in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella trematum is an infrequent Gram-negative coccobacillus, with a reservoir, pathogenesis, a life cycle and a virulence level which has been poorly elucidated and understood. Related information is scarce due to the low frequency of isolates, so it is important to add data to the literature about this microorganism. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 74-year-old female, who was referred to the hospital, presenting with ulcer and necrosis in both legs. Therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam was started and peripheral artery revascularization was performed. During the surgery, a tissue fragment was collected, where Bordetella trematum, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated. After surgery, the intubated patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), using vasoactive drugs through a central venous catheter. Piperacillin-tazobactam was replaced by meropenem, with vancomycin prescribed for 14 days. Four days later, levofloxacin was added for 24 days, aiming at the isolation of S. maltophilia from the ulcer tissue. The necrotic ulcers evolved without further complications, and the patient's clinical condition improved, leading to temporary withdrawal of vasoactive drugs and extubation. Ultimately, however, the patient's general condition worsened, and she died 58 days after hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare finding, B. trematum is typically associated with the clinical manifestation of disorders that predispose to ulcer development, which can be infected by microorganisms. The combination of antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement plays a key role in preventing systemic infections. Monitoring the appearance of new cases of B. trematum is essential, since it can be an emerging microorganism. Isolating and defining the clinical relevance of unusual bacteria yields a more accurate perspective in the development of new diagnostic tools and allows for assessment of proper antimicrobial therapy.

Avaliação dos compostos bioativos de diferentes extratos das folhas e sementes de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) / Evaluation of bioactive compounds of different extracts of moringa seed and leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam)

A moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) é uma hortaliça arbórea que apresenta uma grande versatilidade, sendo cultivada em vários países. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o teor de compostos bioativos de diferentes extratos das folhas e sementes e da mistura folhas e sementes (F+S) de moringa. Os extratos foram obtidos com água destilada e com os solventes acetona, metanol e etanol nas concentrações de 40% e 80%. Os extratos da junção de F+S de moringa extraídos com acetona a 80% apresentaram maior teor de compostos fenólicos (1.715,7 mg EAG/100g de resíduo em base seca), quando comparado aos extratos de folhas e sementes (1.479,7 mg EAG/100g de resíduo em base seca e 326,1mg QCA/100g de resíduo em base seca, respectivamente). Os solventes etanol e acetona foram os que apresentaram maior capacidade de extração de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais, nos resíduos estudados. Os resíduos de moringa demonstraram potencial para serem utilizados como fonte natural de compostos bioativos.

Potencial de sementes de granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) como fonte de compostos bioativos / Potential of granadilla seeds (Passiflora ligularis) as source of bioative compounds

A granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) é uma fruta exótica de regiões tropicais do mundo, o seu consumo vem crescendo no Brasil e é obtida através de importação. Além da importância em termos de economia, é conhecida pelos seus benefícios nutricionais. É consumida in natura ou em forma processada, como, polpa e sorvetes. Após o processamento, o resíduo é geralmente descartado em lixos ou destinado para alimentação animal, o que pode ocasionar em problemas ambientais, tornando importante o seu estudo para reutilização. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo objetivou determinar a composição físico-química e o teor de compostos bioativos (fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais) em sementes de granadilla (Passiflora ligularis). As análises realizadas foram: umidade, cinzas totais, carboidratos, lipídios, proteína bruta, flavonoides totais e fenólicos totais. A farinha das sementes de granadilla continha 5,5% de umidade, 3,6% de cinzas, 14,6% de proteínas, 20,2% de lipídios e 56,0% de carboidratos. Diferentes extratos da farinha do resíduo foram obtidos com água destilada, acetona, metanol e etanol nas concentrações de 40 e 80%. Os extratos obtidos demonstraram teores de compostos fenólicos totais entre 656,0 e 2.455,8 mg EAG/100g de resíduo em base seca e flavonoides totais entre 280,0 e 666,4 mg QCA/100 g de resíduo em base seca. Os resultados indicaram perspectivas promissoras para o reaproveitamento das sementes de granadilla como fonte de compostos bioativos.

Formação Médica na UFSB: III. Aprendizagem Orientada por Problemas e Competências / Medical Training at UFSB: III. Competency and Problem Based Learning

RESUMO O tema das reformas curriculares na educação médica brasileira tem sido bastante debatido na literatura especializada. Algumas reformas buscaram introduzir estratégias de aprendizagem ativas, porém com poucas mudanças efetivas. Em artigos anteriores, apresentamos o modelo geral de um curso médico baseado em regime de ciclos, proposto pela Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia. Neste artigo, submetemos ao debate o conjunto de estratégias pedagógicas estruturantes desse projeto. Primeiro, discutimos o conceito de "competência" articulado às demandas de uma formação ampliada, cidadã e profissional, incorporando tecnologias resolutivas ao cuidado humanizado e aos processos de trabalho em saúde. Em seguida, apresentamos instrumentos e metodologias ativas de aprendizagem que conformam a matriz de estratégias pedagógicas adotada pelo curso, baseada em quatro dispositivos centrais: Compromissos de Aprendizagem Significativa; Equipes de Aprendizagem Ativa; Sistema Integrado de Aprendizagem Compartilhada; Aprendizagem Orientada por Problemas e Competências. Tais dispositivos (e estratégias correlatas) promovem a aplicação de princípios e modelos de aprendizagem ativa e solidária em todas as etapas da formação, com uso intensivo de tecnologias digitais e mídias sociais. Discutimos fundamentos e perspectivas desse formato de organização pedagógico no que se refere à consistência com o modelo curricular da UFSB, enfatizando a estratégia de Aprendizagem Orientada por Problemas Concretos como eixo central de formação orientada pela prática de cuidados em saúde. Como ferramenta padronizada e dinâmica para acompanhamento de pacientes, adota-se o Prontuário Orientado por Problemas e Evidências (POPE), numa versão informatizada, mais adequada e eficiente que o modelo tradicional de prontuário, adaptada para uso nos diferentes contextos de prática clínica onde atua a UFSB. Esta proposta insere-se no esforço de construção de uma nova cultura pedagógica pautada numa perspectiva sociocrítica (intercultural, interepistêmica, interprofissional e interdisciplinar) da educação médica, capaz de articular, de forma indissociável, o sistema de formação em saúde aos de ciência, tecnologia e inovação, visando promover integralidade, humanização e resolutividade nas práticas de atenção à saúde. 310 palavras

ABSTRACT Curricular reforms in medical education has been much debated in the specialized Brazilian literature. Some reforms have sought to introduce active learning strategies, but with few effective changes. In previous articles, we have introduced the general model of a medical course based on cycles, proposed by the Federal University of Southern Bahia. In this article, we submit to debate the set of pedagogical strategies structuring this project. First, we discuss the concept of "competence" articulated to the demands of a broad professional citizen formation, incorporating effective technologies to humanized care and to labor processes in health. Then, we present learning tools and methodologies that conform a matrix of active pedagogical strategies adopted by the course, based on four central devices: Significant Learning Commitments; Active Learning Teams; Integrated Shared Learning System; Competency and Problem-Based Learning. Such devices (and related strategies) promote the application of strategies and instruments of active and solidary learning in all stages of training, with intensive use of digital technologies and social media. We discuss the fundamentals and perspectives of this pedagogical organization format, which refers to the consistency with the curricular model, emphasizing the strategy of learning oriented by concrete problems as the central axis of training guided by health care practices. As a standardized and dynamic tool for patient follow-up, the patient's record oriented by problems and evidence (POPE) is used, in a computerized version, more adequate and efficient than the traditional template, adapted for use in the different contexts of UFSB clinical practice. This proposal is part of the effort to build a new pedagogical culture based on a sociocritical (inter-cultural, inter-personal, interprofessional and interdisciplinary) perspective of medical education, capable of articulating, in an integrated way, the education system in health to those of science, technology and innovation, aiming to promote integrality, humanization and resolution in health care practices. 300 words

Myrcia ovata Cambessedes essential oils: A proposal for a novel natural antimicrobial against foodborne bacteria.

This paper reports the innovative antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) from nine Myrcia ovata Cambessedes plants against eight foodborne bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most susceptible bacteria to EOs. In particular, the P. aeruginosa, which is usually resistant to antimicrobials agents, was extremely sensitive to some EOs. The gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were inhibited and eliminated with minimum EOs concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 25 µL/mL. The Serratia marcensces and Escherichia coli were less susceptible to EOs alone. Consequently, some EOs combinations were investigated by checkerboard method against these bacteria and a synergistic effect was obtained. Myrcia ovata Cambessedes EOs showed high inhibitory and bactericidal effects against foodborne bacteria might be an interesting alternative for future applications as natural antimicrobials in food systems.

Formação Médica na UFSB: II. O Desafio da Profissionalização no Regime de Ciclos / Medical Training at UFSB: II. The Challenge of Professionalization in a 2-Cycle System

Este é o segundo artigo de uma série que apresenta estrutura curricular e modelo pedagógico do curso de Medicina em implantação na Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB), que adota um regime de dois ciclos de formação, integralmente realizado nos contextos de prática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Para isso, apresentam-se resumidamente perfil e competências dos egressos, introduzindo a estrutura curricular do segundo ciclo do curso e destacando sua aderência ao marco legal vigente. Em seguida, destacam-se os blocos temáticos do eixo de formação técnico-científica, com organização de conteúdos em ciclos de vida, visando superar o modelo que fragmenta o sujeito humano em sistemas, órgãos e patologias. Aborda-se ainda o eixo de práticas, composto por estágios supervisionados em todos os níveis de atenção da rede SUS, destacando a Atenção Primária em Saúde, que perpassa todo o segundo ciclo de formação. Por último, discutem-se impacto e efeitos dessa reestruturação da educação superior no sentido da convergência entre modelos formativos de profissionais de saúde e necessidades de saúde da população.

This paper is the second in a series that presents the curricular structure and pedagogical model implemented at the Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB) school of medicine, which adopts a2-cycle training system, fully integrated to the practices of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Firstly, graduate profiles and competencies are presented, introducing the second cycle course curriculum and highlighting its adherence to the current legal framework. Secondly, thematic blocks for scientific and technical training are presented, with contents organized in life cycles rather than in disciplines, aiming to overcome the model that fragments the human subject into systems, organs and pathologies. Thirdly, we address the element of practices, consisting of supervised internships at all levels of care in the SUS system, emphasizing primary health care, which pervades the entire second training cycle. Finally, we discuss the impact and effects of restructuring higher education in terms of the convergence between formative models of professional health training and public health needs.

Impact of edible chitosan-cassava starch coatings enriched with Lippia gracilis Schauer genotype mixtures on the shelf life of guavas (Psidium guajava L.) during storage at room temperature.

The effect of edible chitosan-cassava starch (CH-CS) coatings containing a mixture of Lippia gracilis Schauer genotypes (EOM) on the shelf life of guavas during storage at room temperature for 10 days was studied. Sixteen formulations were prepared with a range of chitosan and essential oil mixtures concentrations, and the in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested. Formulations containing 2.0% cassava starch, 2.0% chitosan and 1.0%, 2.0% or 3.0% EOM were most effective in inhibiting the growth of the majority of bacteria. The edible CH-CS coating and CH-CS with 1.0% (CH-CS-EOM1) or 3.0% EOM (CH-CS-EOM3) were added to guavas and the shelf life was evaluated. On the tenth day of storage, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and mould and yeast counts were statistically lower (p<0.05) in the CH-CS-EOM1- or CH-CS-EOM3-coated fruits than CH-CS-coated fruits. In addition, fruits coated with CH-CS or CH-CS-EOM showed no significant changes of total soluble solids content, while CH-CS-EOM-coated fruits showed lower titratable acidity than CH-CS-coated fruits at the end of storage. CH-CS-EOM3-coated guavas showed lower a(∗) and b(∗) values and higher L(∗) and hue values than those with other coatings.

Formação médica na UFSB: I. Bacharelado interdisciplinar em saúde noprimeiro ciclo / Medical training at UFSB: I. Interdisciplinary bachelor in healthas first cycle degree

Esta série de artigos aborda diretrizes, estrutura curricular e estratégias pedagógicas de um novo modelo de curso de Medicina proposto pela Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB). Este artigo inicial apresentao Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Saúde como primeiro ciclo para a formação médica. Em primeiro lugar, avaliam-se resultados de uma prospecção de modelos avançados de formação médica no cenário internacional e o potencial de sua aplicação à realidade da educação médica brasileira. Em segundo lugar, descrevem-se a estrutura e o funcionamento do Bacharelado Interdisciplinar como formação geral em Artes, Saúde, Humanidades e Ciências. Em terceiro lugar, discute-se o BI-Saúde como formação específica, com especial atenção para o conceito de Área de Concentração, que pode funcionar como etapa propedêutica para o curso médico em regime de ciclos. Finalmente, avalia-se a formação em Saúde no primeiro ciclo como oportunidade de uma escolha vocacional mais madura, aprendizagem para o trabalho em equipe, atualização científica e prática, uso consciente e crítico de tecnologias de cuidado em saúde, com base em valores éticos, políticos e humanísticos.

This series of papers discusses guidelines, curriculum and pedagogical strategies of a new medical education model implemented by the Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB). This opening article is aimed at introducing the Interdisciplinary Bachelorin Health as a first-cycle degree for medical training. First, a survey of advanced medical education models in the international arena is presented in order to evaluate their potential application to Brazilian higher education. Secondly, the structure and functioning of the Interdisciplinary First Cycle Degreeis described in terms of general education in the Arts, Health, Humanities and Sciences. Thirdly, emphasizing the concept of Area of Concentration, the Interdisciplinary Bachelor is discussed as a specifictrainingprogram and preparatory step for the 2-cycle medicine course. Finally, first cycle training in health care is analyzed as an opportunity to ensure more mature vocational choices, active learning, teamwork,up-to-date scientific and practical knowledge, and the conscious and critical use of health care technologies, based on ethical, political and humanistic values.

Encapsulation in a sol-gel matrix of lipase from Aspergillus niger obtained by bioconversion of a novel agricultural residue.

Lipase from Aspergillus niger was obtained from the solid-state fermentation of a novel agroindustrial residue, pumpkin seed flour. The partially purified enzyme was encapsulated in a sol-gel matrix, resulting in an immobilization yield of 71.4 %. The optimum pH levels of the free and encapsulated enzymes were 4.0 and 3.0, respectively. The encapsulated enzyme showed greater thermal stability at temperatures of 45 and 60 °C than the free enzyme. The positive influence of the encapsulation process was observed on the thermal stability of the enzyme, since a longer half-life t 1/2 and lower deactivation constant were obtained with the encapsulated lipase when compared with the free lipase. Kinetic parameters were found to follow the Michaelis-Menten equation. The K m values indicated that the encapsulation process reduced enzyme-substrate affinity and the V max was about 31.3 % lower than that obtained with the free lipase. The operational stability was investigated, showing 50 % relative activity up to six cycles of reuse at pH 3.0 at 37 °C. Nevertheless, the production of lipase from agroindustrial residue associated with an efficient immobilization method, which promotes good catalytic properties of the enzyme, makes the process economically viable for future industrial applications.

Práticas de aleitamento materno: lacuna entre o conhecimento e a incorporação do saber / Practices of breastfeeding: A gap between knowledge and knowledge application

Introdução: a Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo por seis meses e a partir dessa idade introduzir alimentos complementares até os dois anos. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de conhecimento e incorporação do saber sobre aleitamento materno de gestantes e nutrizes usuárias da Estratégia Saúde da Família, Teixeiras-MG. Casuística e método: foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo cuja coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas individuais utilizando-se questionário semiestruturado, nas Unidades de Atenção Primária de Saúde, antes das consultas pré-natais e puericulturas e em visitas domiciliares. Resultados: a duração de aleitamento materno exclusivo relatado foi de quatro meses. Destaca-se que 66% das entrevistadas já haviam recebido algum tipo de orientação, 34% por meio de consultas pré-natais e 31% por palestras realizadas pela equipe de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Observou-se que as mulheres que receberam orientação acerca do aleitamento materno apresentaram 99,93% menos de chance de responder que o leite é fraco, obtendo resultado estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: ressalta-se a importância das informações sobre aleitamento materno serem transmitidas à população de modo eficaz, estimulando a prática do aleitamento em todas as classes sociais.

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding over the six months after birth, and complementary food should be provided after this period until age of 2 years. Objective: To assess breastfeeding knowledge and knowledge application among women assisted by the Family Health Strategy in Teixeiras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Casuistics and method: A descriptive cross-sectional study of data collected by means of individual semi-structured interviews carried out before prenatal and childcare appointments at Primary Health Care Units as well as in domiciliary visits. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was reported to take place for four months. Among the interviewees, 66% had had some orientation: 34% at prenatal appointments, and 31% at lectures organized by the Nutrition team of the Federal University of Viþosa. Women that had had breastfeeding orientation were 99,93% less likely to report that breast milk is weak ? a figure that is statistically significant. Conclusion: It is important that information on breastfeeding be given to population efficiently in order to encourage breastfeeding among all the social classes.

Efeitos antinociceptivos e sedativos da buprenorfina, da acepromazina ou da associação buprenorfina e acepromazina em gatos / Antinociceptive and sedative effects of buprenorphine, acepromazine, or combination of both, in conscious cats

O efeito antinociceptivo da buprenorfina tem sido relatado em cães e gatos. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o limiar nociceptivo mecânico em felinos tratados com buprenorfina, acepromazina ou ambas associadas e foram comparados os efeitos antinociceptivos e sedativos da associação em relação ao uso isolado desses fármacos determinados pelo mesmo observador, por meio de analgesiômetro e da escala analógica visual dinâmica interativa (DIVAS), respectivamente. Os oito animais empregados no estudo foram previamente familiarizados com os procedimentos utilizados. Após quatro mensurações basais, foram administrados, por via intramuscular, 0,02mg kg-1 de buprenorfina, 0,06mg kg-1 de acepromazina ou 0,01mg kg-1 de buprenorfina associada a 0,03mg kg-1 de acepromazina, em um estudo cego, com delineamento em quadrado latino e tratamento semanal. Os efeitos antinociceptivos e sedativos foram avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 minutos e uma, duas, três, quatro, seis, oito e 12 horas após a administração do tratamento. O limiar nociceptivo mecânico se elevou significativamente apenas no grupo tratado com a associação buprenorfina-acepromazina (entre 45 minutos e uma hora). Em relação à sedação, nos grupos tratados com acepromazina e com a associação, os valores da DIVAS foram significativamente maiores, respectivamente, de 15 minutos até quatro horas e de 15 minutos até três horas pós-tratamento, não apresentando elevação desses valores com a buprenorfina. Concluiu-se que não foi possível verificar a superioridade da neuroleptoanalgesia em relação ao uso dos fármacos isoladamente.

The antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine have been reported in dogs and cats. This study evaluated changes in the mechanical nociceptive threshold and the sedative effects of buprenorphine, acepromazine and its combination in cats, determined by the same observer using a nociceptive threshold testing device and DIVAS, respectively. Eight animals were previously conditioned to the procedures. After four baseline measurements, 0.02mg kg-1 of buprenorphine, 0.06mg.kg-1 of acepromazine, or 0.01mg kg-1 of buprenorphine with 0.03mg kg-1 of acepromazine were administered intramuscularly in a blinded and experimental study using a Latin square design within a one week interval between treatments. The antinociceptive and sedative effects were evaluated at 15, 30, 45 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post treatment. The nociceptive threshold increased significantly only after the combination buprenorphine-acepromazine (between 45 minutes and 1 hour). Regarding sedation, the use of acepromazine and the combination of both were associated with significantly higher DIVAS values from 15 minutes to 4 hours and 15 minutes to 3 hours post treatment, respectively. No increase in these values was noted with the use of buprenorphine. It was concluded that it could not be verified the superiority of neuroleptanalgesia over the use of drugs alone.

Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002: 4 - Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar / Evaluation of food security and anti-hunger public policies in Brazil, 1995-2002: 4 - National School Nutrition Program

Avaliou-se o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), na perspectiva de estrutura-processo-resultado. A metodologia envolveu pesquisa documental e estudo de caso em 45 municípios no Estado da Bahia, Brasil; com entrevistas a getores, visita a 73 escolas e inquérito domiciliar envolvendo 3.367 crianças de 7-14 anos. Quanto à estrutura, foi analisada a evolução normativa do PNAE e alguns aspectos da infra-estrutura. Gestores referiram instalações e equipamentos inadequados para preparar e distribuir refeições em 28 por cento dos municípios. A municipalização estava presente em 93 por cento dos casos, havendo 20 por cento já em processo de escolarização; porém, em quase 70 por cento das escolas havia repasse de gêneros alimentícios. A aceitabilidade da alimentação oferecida foi boa, resultado esperado frente à situação de pobreza da população estudada. Ainda que Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar estivessem constituídos, sua composição nem sempre representou um efetivo exercício democrático. Quanto a resultados, a cobertura foi expressiva - 95 por cento, contudo 77 por cento dos entrevistados do interior e 39 por cento da capital relataram não receber alimentação todo dia. A irregularidade observada na oferta diária comprometeu a aspiração do programa efetivar-se como política social universal e um direito da criança.

This study evaluated the Brazilian National School Nutrition Program from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research and a case study in 45 counties and 73 schools in the State of Bahia, including program manager interviews and household questionnaires involving 3,367 children (7-14 years of age). Relating to program structure, the study analyzed the evolution of normative instruments and some infrastructure aspects. Managers reported problems with the installations for preparing and distributing meals in 28 percent of the counties. Decentralization to the county (municipal) level was present in 93 percent of cases and to the school level in about 20 percent; however, nearly 70 percent of the schools received the food supplies directly. Although Social Control Councils were created, members were not always chosen democratically. Acceptability of the meals was good, as expected considering the widespread poverty in the target population. Overall program coverage was high (95 percent), but 77 percent of schoolchildren in the interior and 39 percent in the capital city did not receive meals every day. So far, irregular school meal distribution has frustrated the program's aspirations to become a universal social policy and ensure a basic right for children.

[Evaluation of food security and anti-hunger public policies in Brazil, 1995-2002: 4--National School Nutrition Program]. / Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002: 4--Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar.

This study evaluated the Brazilian National School Nutrition Program from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research and a case study in 45 counties and 73 schools in the State of Bahia, including program manager interviews and household questionnaires involving 3,367 children (7-14 years of age). Relating to program structure, the study analyzed the evolution of normative instruments and some infrastructure aspects. Managers reported problems with the installations for preparing and distributing meals in 28% of the counties. Decentralization to the county (municipal) level was present in 93% of cases and to the school level in about 20%; however, nearly 70% of the schools received the food supplies directly. Although Social Control Councils were created, members were not always chosen democratically. Acceptability of the meals was good, as expected considering the widespread poverty in the target population. Overall program coverage was high (95%), but 77% of schoolchildren in the interior and 39% in the capital city did not receive meals every day. So far, irregular school meal distribution has frustrated the program's aspirations to become a universal social policy and ensure a basic right for children.

Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002. 3 - o Programa Nacional de Controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A / Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3 - the Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency

A distribuição de vitamina A em Dias Nacionais de Vacinação ocorre desde 1983; o Brasil foi pioneiro nesse tipo de intervenção. O estudo avaliou o programa no período de 1995-2002 na perspectiva de estrutura-processo-resultado. A metodologia envolveu pesquisa documental, entrevistas com gestores e estudo de caso em 44 municípios da Bahia, resultando em 1.344 questionários domiciliares. Em relação à estrutura, o programa operou sem instrumento normativo a partir de 1998, decorrente da extinção do Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição. Melhorias nos processos de aquisição e distribuição do suplemento impactaram positivamente na sua cobertura; em 2002, foram distribuídas 3,5 milhões de cápsulas (cobertura 72 por cento). Nas 2.546 crianças estudadas na Bahia, não houve regularidade na distribuição e a cobertura anual variou de 8 por cento a 26 por cento. As limitações de tempo e recursos humanos, informadas pelos gestores, corroboram a hipótese de que essa estratégia não contribui para esclarecer a população sobre a importância da vitamina. Os achados mostram ser necessária a articulação sistemática entre esferas de governo para que o programa seja executado e monitorado em sua plenitude.

Vitamin A supplements have been distributed during National Immunization Days since 1983, and Brazil has been a pioneer in this kind of strategy. The current study evaluated the National Program from 1995 to 2002, from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research, interviews with health services managers, and a case study in 44 municipalities in Bahia State, resulting in 1,344 household interviews. In relation to structure, from 1998 on the program operated without a normative instrument due to the extinction of the National Institute of Nutrition. Improvements in the processes of vitamin supply procurement and distribution had a positive impact on coverage, reaching 3.5 million capsules in 2002 (72 percent coverage). For the 2,546 children studied in Bahia, vitamin A distribution was irregular, with annual coverage varying from 8 percent to 26 percent. Program managers reported time constraints and insufficient human resources, consistent with the hypothesis that this type of strategy does not help inform the population about the importance of vitamin A. These findings point to the need for systematic linkage between different levels of government in order to fully implement and monitor the program.

[Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3--the Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency]. / Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002. 3--o Programa Nacional de Controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A.

Vitamin A supplements have been distributed during National Immunization Days since 1983, and Brazil has been a pioneer in this kind of strategy. The current study evaluated the National Program from 1995 to 2002, from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research, interviews with health services managers, and a case study in 44 municipalities in Bahia State, resulting in 1,344 household interviews. In relation to structure, from 1998 on the program operated without a normative instrument due to the extinction of the National Institute of Nutrition. Improvements in the processes of vitamin supply procurement and distribution had a positive impact on coverage, reaching 3.5 million capsules in 2002 (72% coverage). For the 2,546 children studied in Bahia, vitamin A distribution was irregular, with annual coverage varying from 8% to 26%. Program managers reported time constraints and insufficient human resources, consistent with the hypothesis that this type of strategy does not help inform the population about the importance of vitamin A. These findings point to the need for systematic linkage between different levels of government in order to fully implement and monitor the program.