ABSTRACT
The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the role of the cerebellum in the affective symptoms observed in patients with bipolar disorder. The present systematic literature review included clinical studies conducted from 2013-2023 among adult populations with bipolar I and II disorders, along with their specifiers. With regard to cerebellar pathology, it was found that those with bipolar disorder performed worse than their healthy counterparts in their ability to comprehend the mental states of others and in identifying negative mental states. Additionally, individuals with bipolar disorder had reduced gray matter loss in regions such as lobules I-IX, crus I, and crus II, different functional activation patterns of the thalamus, striatum, and hippocampus on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and increased cortical thickness. Cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivities were altered in patients with bipolar disorder. The effects of lamotrigine and lithium on cerebellar volume and abnormalities are also discussed in this paper. The present systematic literature review illustrates the emerging involvement of the cerebellum in bipolar disorder and its affective symptoms and paves the way for future research and a better understanding of bipolar disorder.
ABSTRACT
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by bleeding into the alveolar spaces of the lungs. DAH can occur due to a wide range of etiologies including autoimmune diseases, infections, drugs, and malignancies. The clinical presentation is variable and may include cough, dyspnea, fever, and hemoptysis. Diagnosis is often challenging due to the nonspecific symptoms and a lack of definitive diagnostic criteria. Treatment is primarily aimed at addressing the underlying cause and providing supportive care.
