ABSTRACT
Intravascular hemolysis (IH) contributes to the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in sickle cell anemia (SCA), and the effects of hydroxyurea (HU, the only approved drug that decreases the frequency and severity of vaso-oclussive crises) on IH and ED in SCA remain unclear. We evaluated and compared the markers of IH among steady-state adult Brazilians with SCA and HbAA individuals. Overall, this cross-sectional study enrolled 30 SCA patients not receiving HU therapy (HbSS), 25 SCA patients receiving HU therapy (HbSS_HU), and 32 HbAA volunteers (HbAA). The IH markers evaluated were serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), total heme, plasma hemoglobin (pHb), and soluble CD163 (sCD163). The ED markers analyzed were plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF:Ag), VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) levels, antigen of VWF-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13:Ag), thrombospondin-1, endothelin-1 levels, and ADAMTS13 Activity (ADAMTS13:Act). The levels of VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, total heme, thrombospondin-1, and endothelin-1 were significantly higher in SCA patients (HbSS and HbSS_HU) compared to HbAA individuals. Also, pHb, LDH, and thrombospondin-1 levels were significantly higher in the HbSS group than in the HbSS_HU group. Contrarily, the levels of sCD163, ADAMTS13:Ag, and ADAMTS13:Act were significantly lower in both groups of SCA patients than HbAA controls, and ADAMTS13:Act levels were significantly lower in HbSS compared to HbSS_HU patients. The higher ADAMTS13 activity levels in those on HU therapy may be attributed to lower pHb and thrombospondin-1 levels as previously shown by in vitro studies that thrombospondin-1 and pHb are bound to VWF. Thus, VWF is restrained from ADAMTS13 activity and cleavage.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Hemolysis/drug effects , Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use , ADAMTS13 Protein/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Anemia, Sickle Cell/blood , Antigens, CD/blood , Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood , Biomarkers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Female , Heme/analysis , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Hydroxyurea/pharmacology , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Prohibitins , Receptors, Cell Surface/blood , Thrombospondin 1/blood , Young Adult , von Willebrand Factor/analysisABSTRACT
Alpha thalassemia and beta-globin haplotype are considered classical genetic disease modifiers in sickle cell anemia (SCA) causing clinical heterogeneity. Nevertheless, their functional impact on SCA disease emergence and progression remains elusive. To better understand the role of alpha thalassemia and beta-globin haplotype in SCA, we performed a retrospective study evaluating the clinical manifestations of 614 patients. The univariate analysis showed that the presence of alpha-thalassemia -3.7-kb mutation (αα/-α and -α/-α) decreased the risk of stroke development (p = 0.046), priapism (p = 0.033), and cholelithiasis (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the cumulative incidence of stroke (p = 0.023) and cholelithiasis (p = 0.006) was also significantly lower for patients carrying the alpha thalassemia -3.7-kb mutation. No clinical effects were associated with the beta-globin haplotype analysis, which could be explained by the relatively homogeneous haplotype composition in our cohort. Our results reinforce that alpha thalassemia can provide protective functions against hemolysis-related symptoms in SCA. Although, several genetic modifiers can impact the inflammatory state of SCA patients, the alpha thalassemia mutation remains one of the most recurrent genetic aberration and should therefore always be considered first.
