ABSTRACT
The main usefulness of video electroencephalographic (video-EEG) monitoring lies in the fact that it allows proper classification of the type of epileptic seizure and epileptic syndrome, identification of minor seizures, location of the epileptogenic zone and differentiation between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (NEPM). In infants and pre-school age children, the clinical signs with which epileptic seizures are expressed differ to those of older children, seizures with bilateral motor signs such as epileptic spasms, tonic and myoclonic seizures predominate, and seizures with interruption of activity or hypomotor seizures, and no prominent automatisms are observed. In children with focal epilepsies, focal and generalised signs are often superposed, both clinically and in the EEG. NEPM may be benign transitory disorders or they can be episodic symptoms of different neurological or psychopathological disorders. NEPM are often observed in children with mental retardation, neurological compromise or autism spectrum disorders, who present epileptic seizures and epileptiform abnormalities in the baseline EEG. It then becomes necessary to determine which episodes correspond to epileptic seizures and which do not. The NEPM that are most frequently registered in the video-EEG in infants and pre-school age children are unexpected sudden motor contractions ('spasms'), introspective tendencies, motor stereotypic movements and paroxysmal sleep disorders.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/methods , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Myoclonus/diagnosis , Spasm/diagnosis , Video Recording , Brain/physiopathology , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/complications , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/diagnosis , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Absence/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/complications , Myoclonus/etiology , Myoclonus/physiopathology , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/etiology , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/physiopathology , Spasm/etiology , Spasm/physiopathology , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/diagnosis , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/etiology , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/physiopathology , Syncope/etiology , Syndrome , Tics/diagnosis , Tics/etiology , Tics/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Resumen. Las principales utilidades de la monitorización videoelectroencefalográfica (video-EEG) son clasificar adecuadamente el tipo de crisis epiléptica y de síndrome epiléptico, identificar crisis menores, localizar la zona epileptógena y diferenciar las crisis epilépticas de las manifestaciones paroxísticas no epilépticas (MPNE). En el lactante y el niño en edad preescolar, las crisis epilépticas se expresan con signos clínicos diferentes a los del niño más mayor, predominan las crisis con signos motores bilaterales, como espasmos epilépticos, crisis tónicas y mioclonías, y las crisis con interrupción de la actividad o crisis hipomotoras, y no se observan automatismos prominentes. En niños con epilepsias focales, a menudo existe una superposición de signos focales y generalizados, tanto clínicos como en el EEG. Las MPNE pueden corresponder a trastornos benignos y transitorios o ser síntomas episódicos de diferentes trastornos neurológicos o psicopatológicos. A menudo, las MPNE se observan en niños con retraso mental, afectación neurológica o trastornos del espectro autista, que presentan crisis epilépticas y anomalías epileptiformes en el EEG basal, y es entonces necesario determinar los episodios que corresponden a crisis epilépticas y los que no. Las MPNE que con mayor frecuencia se registran en el video-EEG en lactantes y niños en edad preescolar son las contracciones motoras bruscas inesperadas (espasmos), los ensimismamientos, las estereotipias motoras y los trastornos paroxísticos del sueño (AU)
Summary. The main usefulness of video electroencephalographic (video-EEG) monitoring lies in the fact that it allows proper classification of the type of epileptic seizure and epileptic syndrome, identification of minor seizures, location of the epileptogenic zone and differentiation between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (NEPM). In infants and pre-school age children, the clinical signs with which epileptic seizures are expressed differ to those of older children, seizures with bilateral motor signs such as epileptic spasms, tonic and myoclonic seizures predominate, and seizures with interruption of activity or hypomotor seizures, and no prominent automatisms are observed. In children with focal epilepsies, focal and generalised signs are often superposed, both clinically and in the EEG. NEPM may be benign transitory disorders or they can be episodic symptoms of different neurological or psychopathological disorders. NEPM are often observed in children with mental retardation, neurological compromise or autism spectrum disorders, who present epileptic seizures and epileptiform abnormalities in the baseline EEG. It then becomes necessary to determine which episodes correspond to epileptic seizures and which do not. The NEPM that are most frequently registered in the video-EEG in infants and pre-school age children are unexpected sudden motor contractions (spasms), introspective tendencies, motor stereotypic movements and paroxysmal sleep disorders (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Electroencephalography , Seizures/diagnosis , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Functional NeuroimagingABSTRACT
Secondary cardiac tumours are rare. The new diagnostic technology and more effective chemotherapy schedules for primary tumours, leading to a longer survival, have increased the frequency of such tumors. Adenocarcinoma accounted for around 40% of all metastases to the heart; the most frequently involved sites are pericardium and epicardium. We present a patient with an unusual intraventricular metastases from adenocarcinoma of rectal-sigmoid origin.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Heart Neoplasms/secondary , Rectal Neoplasms/pathology , Sigmoid Neoplasms/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/diagnostic imaging , Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Capecitabine , Cardiac Tamponade/etiology , Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Dyspnea/etiology , Fatal Outcome , Female , Fluorouracil/analogs & derivatives , Heart Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Organoplatinum Compounds/administration & dosage , Oxaliplatin , Palliative Care , Radiography , Rectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Rectal Neoplasms/surgery , Sigmoid Neoplasms/drug therapy , Sigmoid Neoplasms/surgery , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
No disponible
Secondary cardiac tumours are rare. The new diagnostictechnology and more effective chemotherapyschedules for primary tumours, leading to a longersurvival, have increased the frequency of such tumors.Adenocarcinoma accounted for around 40%of all metastases to the heart; the most frequentlyinvolved sites are pericardium and epicardium. Wepresent a patient with an unusual intraventricularmetastases from adenocarcinoma of rectal-sigmoidorigin
