ABSTRACT
Fundamentos: Los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) corresponden a aquellas circunstancias en las que las personasnacen, crecen, trabajan, viven y envejecen, incluido el conjunto más amplio de fuerzas y sistemas que influyen sobre las condicionesde vida. Los DSS generan patrones de distribución de las enfermedades en las sociedades. No hay motivos para pensar que esto nose cumpla para la COVID-19. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el curso temporal de los ingresos hospitalarios por la COVID-19durante 2020 según su país de origen.Métdodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de historias clínicas de personas hospitalizadas en el Hospital DoctorPeset de Valencia. Los casos fueron divididos entre personas originarias de algún país de la Unión Europea (casos comunitarios) y delresto de países (casos extracomunitarios). Las diferencias entre grupos fueron analizadas mediante las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y Tde Student. Para estudiar la asociación entre mortalidad y el país de origen se realizó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Lasfuerzas de asociación entre el país de origen y las variables mortalidad y proporción de ingreso hospitalario se valoraron mediantela razón deOdds (OR). El valor de significancia estadística se estableció en un p-valor menor de 0,05.Resultados: El 22,4% fueron personas de origen extracomunitario. El 78,3% de ellos provenían de países latinoamericanos. Laedad media de los extracomunitarios fue aproximadamente diecisiete años menor (IC 95% 15,2-19,7; p-valor<0,01). El 40,2% de los comu-nitarios y el 14,6% de los extracomunitarios fue hospitalizado dentro de los primeros seis meses del año. La probabilidad de ingresardurante el segundo semestre fue tres veces mayor en las personas de origen extracomunitario (OR 3,7; IC95% 1,9-7,4, p-valor<0,01).Conclusiones: Es posible que durante la segunda mitad del año 2020 existiera una mayor probabilidad de contagio en lapoblación extranjera...(AU)
Backgorund: Social determinants of health (SDH) refer to the circumstances in which people are born, grow, work, live andage, including the wider set of forces and systems that influence living conditions. SDH produce patterns of disease distribution insocieties. There is no reason to believe that this is not the case for COVID-19. The aim of this study was to analyse the time course ofhospital admissions for COVID-19 in 2020 among individuals according to their country of origin.Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted using the medical records of individuals hospitalised at the Doctor PesetHospital in Valencia. The cases were divided into those from a European Union country (community cases) and those from other countries(non-community cases). Differences between groups were analysed using the chi-squared test and Students t-test. A multiple logisticregression model was used to examine the association between hospitalisation and mortality. The strength of associations betweencountry of origin and the variables of mortality and hospital admission rate were assessed using Odds Ratio (OR). A significance level ofp-value<0.05 was set.Results: 22.4% of the sample were people of non-Community origin. Of these, 78.3% were from Latin American countries. Themean age of the non-community individuals was approximately seventeen years younger (95% CI 15.2-19.7; p-value<0.01). Within thefirst six months of the year, 40.2% of community cases and 14.6% of non-community cases were hospitalised. The odds of hospitalisa-tion in the second half of the year were three times higher for non-community cases (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.9-7.4, p-value<0.01).Conclusions: There may have been a higher likelihood of infection among the foreign population during the second half of2020. The social stratum occupied by migrants may lead to differential exposure, possibly related to the measures implemented tocontain the pandemic.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Pandemics , Emigrants and Immigrants , Social Determinants of Health , Hospitalization , Public Health , Spain , Retrospective Studies , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
This commentary emerged from a panel presentation at the International Primatological Society Congress in Nairobi, Kenya, 2018. The goal was to provide regional updates on the status of primate removal from habitat countries, especially for the pet trade, and develop guidelines that could help primatologists address this critical problem. The trade in live primates includes those used as pets, in entertainment, and as subjects of biomedical experimentation, but here we focus on those primates destined for the pet trade. Such transactions are a hugely lucrative business, impacting hundreds of thousands of individuals annually and affecting the survival of wild populations. Being intimately familiar with primate social behavior, life history and biology, primatologists, whether they work with captive or wild primates, are in a unique position to understand the nature of the trade and attempt to counter its effects. In addition to updating the status of the primate pet trade, we provide recommendations that may help primatologists formulate a plan to deal, locally and regionally, with illegal trafficking in live primates. General guidelines include increasing awareness of local customs, policies and laws; developing collaborative research opportunities for local people; engaging in training/informational opportunities; and instructing on how to take action when encountering illegally-trafficked primates.
Subject(s)
Animals, Exotic , Pets/economics , Primates , Animals , Animals, Wild , Commerce , Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , CrimeABSTRACT
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Summary Within the frame of an international interest to explain and reduce violent behavior, criminological profiles provide relevant knowledge on the characteristics and circumstances concerning violent events, their authors and victims. In this review the main lines of investigation on this subject are addressed, as well as some of the most important findings and inquiries yet to be solved. Finally, some challenges and perspectives of this type of research and the application of criminological profiles are discussed. Our conclusions include the necessity of developing a line of research to generate an insight into this subject in general, as well as to assess its applicability in specific contexts in Spanish speaking countries. Even though criminological profiles have been simultaneously supported and criticized, the findings in this research area evince the possibility of creating useful criminological profiles with accuracies above the random level. However, the outcomes of studies related to this subject suggest a precautionary approach with respect to its achievements. This manuscript reviews the research on criminological profiles from five study areas: a) crime and delinquent typologies; b) behavioral patterns and the theory of facets; c) spatial patterns and geographical profiles; d) temporal patterns and chrono-ecological rhythms, and e) reliability and validity. Studies in crime and delinquent typologies are marked within a clinical focus, in which deductive logic, experience of the profiler and analysis of previous cases are the keys to tackle cases of unknown aggressors. One of the representative models in this line is that of the FBI, which proposes a classification of murder scenes that are related with two different types of delinquents: unorganized (probably with mental disorder) and organized (probably psychopaths). This model also propounds the existence of a third type called "mixed" category, which includes characteristics from both previously mentioned types. The main contribution of clinical methodology has been the identification of socio-demographic characteristics common in persons committing crimes such as homicide, rape, robbery, pyromania and even terrorist acts; the selection of a victim type; characteristics of their modus operandi, and motivations referred to by perpetrators for justifying the deed. Recent research goes beyond mere descriptive studies by means of co-occurrence analysis of variables. From this viewpoint, hypotheses are posed and demonstrated based upon the study of large samples, this resulting knowledge is then applied to the analysis of new cases, casuistics (statistical methodology). This perspective originates the identification of behavioral patterns that initially give no support to previous classifications but propound more specific categories. Results from different type of offenses consistently indicate the existence of some useful behavioral patterns for the identification of the various ways of perpetrating a crime and its relation to distinct types of criminals. Among the main identified patterns are: violence used, level of planning and aggressor-victim relationship. Besides, the evidence supports the idea of a relation between the characteristics in the commission of a crime (information from the crime scene and the victims) and the characteristics of those persons responsible of the crime (in terms of the useful information leading to their identification and capture). The results of an investigation from a statistical viewpoint suggest that typologies can not be seen as static or rigid and that it is necessary to review the evidence backing up those typologies before using it in crimes committed by unknown aggressors and in contexts differents from the ones initially proposed. The theory of facets is the most representative model along this line. One of the most crucial findings so far is the existence of spatial patterns and their applicability in the elaboration of geographical profiles. In this sense, the relations between the zones in which crimes occur and the possible characteristics of the criminals have been studied. Results indicate that offenders tend to perpetrate their offenses in familiar places and near the areas in which their everyday life takes place. This knowledge has been useful for the development of computer programs that can predict the area where a criminal may live in or in which he may remain most of the time, based on the information available from the case investigation (for example, the place where the victims disappeared or where the bodies were found). Studies in this area indicate that the choice of places and victims is not at random, even in crimes that may be classified as impulsive. With respect to chrono-ecological patterns, there is evidence pointing to a relation between the commission of a crime and certain biological rhythms associated with annual, seasonal and lunar rhythms; though the information relating the lunar cycle and homicides is still controversial. In relation to the validity and reliability of profiles, research indicates that profiles depend on the type of offense, quality and quantity of available information, as well as the abilities of the persons performing the profile. Valid and reliable profiles are associated with both a large amount of available information and with the fact that persons trained in doing profiles are endowed with abilities of logical thinking and insight into human behavior. However, it is not quite clear if the main ability for producing accurate profiles is that of analysis and level of general intelligence on the part of the profile designer or a specific type of knowledge or training. In spite of the achievements in the study of profiles at international level, Latin America has experienced a slow development in this area. Mexico in particular, is not an exception. Publications on this subject in Spanish are really scarce. The development in the research on profiles and the questions pending an answer lead us to propose, as well as to discuss, the necessity for the development of a research line in criminological profiles in countries like Mexico with the aim of making a contribution at international level to the identification of behavioral, cognitive, criminological, spatial and chrono-ecological patterns. Besides, there is a need to corroborate whether if the international findings are valid in our contexts, and to what extent they can be introduced into our practice. Finally, we propound that this research line be permanent and independent of immediate reactions in the face of crimes creating great impact. This line must be constituted upon the basis of theoretical models empirically demonstrated, the search of relations between available information in crime cases of unknown aggressors and data that may be useful for the identification and capture of offenders. Among the challenges and perspectives of criminological profiles we must go beyond deductive tools to approach a science based on scientific evidence.
