ABSTRACT
Fire is an important ecological disturbance, but anthropogenic wildfires increasingly threaten native ecosystems and human lives. In fire-prone ecosystems, zero-fire policies have been replaced by active fire management to reduce the risk of wildfires and improve ecological outcomes. The environmental drivers of fire behavior are widely known, but climate change and deforestation are changing their roles, making fires less predictable. Thus, reassessing the main determinants of fire behavior is preeminent to allow for safe and adaptive uses of fire in protected areas (PA). We did this research in collaboration with PA managers during the initial implementation of a pilot Integrated Fire Management (IFM) program in the Brazilian savanna. The program mainly aimed to prevent large wildfires in the late-dry season and included prescribed burns during the rainy, early- and mid-dry seasons to create vegetation patch mosaics with different fire histories. We assessed fire behavior and its environmental drivers during prescribed fires in the mid-dry season (MF) and experimental late-dry season fires (LF) (emulating wildfires). We applied Linear Models to test for differences in fire intensity, heat released, combustion factor and flame height between fire seasons and to check the influence of meteorological and fuel conditions in these parameters. LF had a significantly higher fire intensity (3508 vs. 895 kW m-1), heat released (5537 vs. 3329 kW m-2), combustion factor (90 vs. 51%) and flame height (2.5 vs. 1.9 m) than MF. Relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed and fuel load were the best predictors of fire behavior, corroborating previous research. Air temperature and relative humidity pushed the seasonal differences in fire behavior while wind speed and fuel load showed similar effects across seasons. Our results emphasize the importance of considering primarily environmental variables during fire management planning, especially in the current climate changing world where extreme events and seasonal weather fluctuations are constantly defying our knowledge about fire behavior.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Fires , Brazil , Grassland , Humans , WeatherABSTRACT
A finalidade deste artigo é fazer um breve resgate histórico acerca da articulação entre a área da educação popular e a do Serviço Social no Brasil, bem como apresentar os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa que desde 2011 vem sendo realizada pelo Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação Popular, Serviço Social e Movimentos Sociais GEPEDUPSS, da UFPB. O objetivo da investigação é realizar um estudo acerca da produção teórica em nível nacional que articula o Serviço Social à temática da educação popular entre os anos de 1980 e 2010. Metodologicamente, trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, cuja abordagem de tipo quali-quantitativa, toma como procedimento de análise a técnica análise de conteúdo. De modo geral, os resultados estão revelando que a maioria das produções teóricas que articula Serviço Social ao tema da educação popular advém de mulheres, porém, tal produção tem se mostrado incipiente, visto que em três anos de investigação só encontramos 41 produções. Dentre os resultados obtidos observamos que há necessidade de assistentes sociais que atuam com a Educação Popular sistematizar e publicar mais suas experiências, posto que isso contribuiria com o debate da educação popular no Serviço Social. Por outro lado, tais resultados podem estar revelando que não há muitos profissionais de Serviço Social estudando essa temática ou atuando na área, devido, inclusive, ao próprio afastamento histórico de intelectuais do Serviço Social da área da educação popular devido à crítica ao ecletismo teórico entre os anos de 1970 e 1980, mas o fato é que a década atual tem resgatado o diálogo entre essas duas temáticas, a exemplo do CFESS em publicação recente acerca dos "Subsídios para a atuação de assistentes sociais na política de educação".
The purpose of this article is to make a brief background about the link between the area of popular education and social service in Brazil and present the partial results of a survey that has been conducted since 2011 by the Group of Studies and Research in Education People, Social Services and Social Movements - GEPEDUPSS, UFPB. The goal of the research is to conduct a study on the theoretical production at the national level that articulates social work to the theme of popular education between 1980 and 2010. In terms of methodology, it is a literature, whose qualitative and quantitative approach takes as analysis procedure the technical content analysis. In general, the results are revealing that most academic research that articulates social work to the theme of popular education comes from women, however, such production has shown incipient, as in three years of research found only 41 productions. Among the results we observed that there is need for social workers who work with the People's Education systematize and publish more their experiences, since it would contribute to the discussion of popular education in social work. Furthermore, such results may be revealing that there are not many professional social work studying this subject or working in the area, because even to the historical expulsion intellectuals of Social Work area of popular education due to criticism of the theoretical eclecticism between the years 1970 and 1980, but the fact is that the current decade has rescued dialogue between these two themes, such as the CFESS in a recent publication about the "Grants for practicing social workers in education policy.".
