Ectoparasitos de animais silvestres no Maranhão / Ectoparasites of wild animals in Maranhão

Objetivou-se identificar os ectoparasitos de animais silvestres recepcionados pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, São Luís, Maranhão. Os ectopararasitos identificados foram: piolhos Acidoproctus sp., Trinoton sp., Ciconiphilus sp, Austromenopon sp., Quadraceps sp., Saemundssonia sp. e Trichodectes canis; carrapato Amblyomma rotundatum e Rhipicephalus sanguineus; pulgas Ctenocephalides felis e larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax. Os resultados apresentados documentam a infestação de mamíferos, répteis e aves silvestres por ectoparasitos.

The objective of this study was to identify the ectoparasites of wild animals received by the Center of Wild Animals of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The ectoparasites identified were: the lice Acidoproctus sp., Trinoton sp., Ciconiphilus sp., Austromenopon sp., Quadraceps sp., Saemundssonia sp., and Trichodectes canis; the ticks Amblyomma rotundatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus; the fleas Ctenocephalides felis, and larvae of Cochliomyia hominivorax. The data presented register the infestation of wild mammals, reptiles and birds by ectoparasites.

[Ectoparasites of small wild mammals from the adjacent areas of Itapecuru River and Environmental Preservation Area of Inhamum, state of Maranhão, Brazil]. / Ectoparasitos de pequenos mamíferos silvestres de áreas adjacentes ao Rio Itapecuru e Área de Preservação Ambiental do inhamum, estado do Maranhão, Brasil.

During fauna studies, thirty-six wild mammals were collected in adjacent areas of Itapecuru River and Environmental Preservation area of Inhamum, state of Maranhão, Brazil. They were sampled for ectoparasites. The following specimens of the order Rodentia and its respective ectoparasites were identified: Akodon sp. (Androlaelaps sp. and Laelaps sp.), Oecomys sp. (Androlaelaps sp. and Amblyomma cajennense), Oligoryzomys sp. (Androlaelaps sp. Laelaps sp. and Amblyomma sp.) e Oryzomys megacephalus (A. cajennense). In Calomys callosus no ectoparasite was found. It was observed infestation in the order Didelphimorphia as follows: Didelphis marsupialis (Androlaelaps sp., Laelaps sp. and larvae of Diptera Cyclorrhapha); Gracilinanus sp. (Laelaps sp. and larvae of Diptera Cyclorrhapha), Monodelphis domestica (Poplygenis (Polygenis)), Cummingsia sp., Amblyomma sp. and Androlaelaps sp.). Marmosa sp. e Thylamis sp. had no ectoparasites. From the captured hosts 56% were infested, 82% and 44% rodents and marsupials, respectively. Mites from the family Laelapidae presented the great diversity of hosts and genus.

[Efficacy of extracts of plants in engorged females of Boophilus microplus from the mesoregion West of Maranhão, Brazil.]. / Eficácia de fitoterápicos em fêmeas ingurgitadas de Boophilus microplus, provenientes da mesorregião oeste do Maranhão, Brasil.

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of hydro-alcoholic extracts of nim and citronela at 20% and eucalipto at 10% in Boophilus microplus engorged females collected in cattle naturally infected from the mesoregion West of Maranhão. At the laboratory the females were separated, weighted and distributed in six groups of 10, in duplicate. Each group was immersed in 10mL of the solution of the extracts, for two minutes. In the nim and citronela extracts there was 32% e 17%, respectively, while larval emergence the eucalipto extracts demonstrated 96% of efficacy. In the groups treated by Cipermetrina + Clorpirifós + Citronetal and Deltametrina (positive controls) the mortality occurred after 48h of treatment, while the groups immersed in distilled water (negative control) showed 100% of eggs mass and larval emergence. According to the results, it can be concluded that the extract of eucalipto could be used as acaricide in the control of B. microplus females since it was efficient in vitro, however to nim and citronela showed not efficacy. B. microplus females were not resistant to the chemical compounds used in this experiment.

Variação estacional de Bovicola caprae parasitando caprinos no Estado da Paraíba / Seasonal variation of Bovicola caprae parasitizing goats in the State of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil

Os efeitos da temperatura, umidade relativa e precipitação pluvial na população de Bovicola caprae parasitando caprinos na região semi-árida do Estado da Paraíba foram avaliados de agosto 1999 a julho de 2002. Nos dois primeiros anos (agosto de 1999 a julho de 2001) 30 caprinos foram examinados, enquanto que 16 caprinos foram examinados no terceiro ano (agosto de 2001 a julho de 2002). Os animais eram mestiços adultos de ambos os sexos e foram abatidos para consumo humano no Matadouro Público de Patos, PB. As amostras de piolhos foram coletadas de três regiões anatômicas do corpo: maxilar, dorso e glúteo. O teste de Spearman (p< 0.05) foi utilizado na tentativa de se estabelecer uma correlação entre a intensidade média de infestação de todos os estágios e o número total de cada estágio com os fatores abióticos. A prevalência variou entre 75 e 100% durante o período de estudo. O aumento da população de piolhos nos períodos de seca deveu-se provavelmente a nutrição deficiente dos animais em conseqüência da escassez de pastagem e manejo inadequado do rebanho em vez dos efeitos dos fatores abióticos.

The effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on field population trend of the biting louse Bovicola caprae, parasitizing goats bred in the semiarid region of the State of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil were monthly evaluated from August 1999 to July 2002. In the first two years (August 1999 to July 2001) 30 goats were examined, whereas 16 goats were examined in the last year (August 2001 to July 2002). All goats were crossbred, both sexes and abated for human consumption. The lice were collected in an area 4cm of diameter at three body sites: maxillary, back line and haunch. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted (p< 0.05) between monthly average intensity of infestation of all stages (egg, larva, nymph, male and female) of the life cycle pooled and monthly total counts of each stage and mean temperature, mean relative humidity and rainfall. B. caprae was found throughout the year with prevalence of 75-100%. Increase of the louse population during the drier months was probably a consequence of poor nutrition due to reduced pasture and inadequate husbandry practices instead the influence of abiotic factors.

[Ectoparasites in goat and sheep folks from Alto Mearim and Grajaú Microregion, State of Maranhão]. / Ectoparasitos em rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos na microrregião do Alto Mearim e Grajaú, Estado do Maranhão.

Goat and sheep folks from Alto Mearim and Grajaú microregion, State of Maranhão, were examined by inspection and by feeling to collected ectoparasites. The specimens were kept in individual bottles for each host sampled with alcohol 70 degrees GL as preserver liquid. The identification was carried out at Universidade Estadual do Maranhão at the laboratory of parasitology. The ticks were examined in stereomicroscope and identified through Aragão and Fonseca (1961) dicotomic key; the lice were mounted in slides according to Pinto (1938) technique, examined in optic microscope and identified through Tuff (1977) and Furmam and Catts (1977) keys; the fly larvae were examined in stereomicroscope and identified by the morphology of the peritreme, and spiracular slits. In 380 animals sampled, 143 (37,64%) were infested with ectoparasites. The following parasites were identified: Bovicola caprae, Boophilus microplus, larvae of Cochliomya hominivorax (screw-worm) and larvae of Dermatobia hominis (bot fly). Parasitary association was observed only in goats in Grajaú and Sítio Novo (louse+tick; louse+bot fly; screw-worm+louse and ticks+louse+screw-worm). The statistic analyses demonstrated that the prevalence of ectoparasites was high in the rainy season (P<0.02).

Demodicose bovina no Estado da Paraíba / Bovine demodicosis in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil

Casos de demodicose bovina foram observados em um rebanho da raça Sindhi no período de dezembro 1989 a janeiro 1992. Ambas as formas, localizada e generalizada, foram diagnosticadas. Este é o primeiro relato da forma generalizada no Brasil. Nos dois primeiros anos, a demodicose foi diagnosticada somente em animais < 2 anos, enquanto que nos dois últimos anos, animais de todas as idades estavam positivos. A prevalência variou de 20,4 por cento (11/54) a 53,1 por cento (26/49) e 13,2 por cento (12/91) a 14,8 por cento (9/61) nos animais com menos e mais de 2 anos de idade, respectivamente. Os sinais clínicos variaram de pequenos nódulos a espessamento da pele com nódulos grandes e moles, nas formas localizada e generalizada, respectivamente. Os principais achados histopatológicos dos nódulos cutâneos na forma generalizada foram: acantose com hiperqueratose, adenite sebácea crônica, necrose muscular subcutânea e degeneração focal de células da camada basal da epiderme, além da presença de grande número de ácaros de localização intraluminal nos terços médio e inferior de folículos pilosos dilatados. Observou-se ainda perifoliculite crônica, caracterizada por infiltrado celular predominantemente linfoplasmocitário contendo ainda macrófagos e neutrófilos, que envolvia bulbos pilosos. O estado nutricional precário dos animais e o estresse provocado pela longa estiagem, provavelmente, contribuíram para aumentar a suscetibili-dade do rebanho à infestação pelos ácaros.