Infective Endocarditis After Endoscopic Stricture Dilation in Crohn's Disease.

Stricture formation is common in Crohn's disease, and endoscopic intervention plays an increasingly important role in managing these strictures. A 61-year-old man with biological aortic prosthesis and a 30-year history of ileocolonic stricturing Crohn's disease, managed with azathioprine and infliximab, presented with marked occlusive symptoms. Colonoscopy revealed a descending colon stricture, prompting endoscopic balloon dilation. At the time of the procedure, no prophylactic antibiotic was given. Subsequently, he developed Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis, necessitating aortic valve replacement. The authors present a case of late Streptococcus gallolyticus endocarditis associated with endoscopic balloon dilation of a Crohn-related colonic stricture.

Non-invasive liver fibrosis assessment: is transient elastography mandatory?

Real-time elastography (RTE) is a conventional ultrasonography-based liver stiffness assessment technique developed in chronic viral hepatitis. Evidence of its applicability in other aetiologies is lacking. This study aims to determine RTE diagnostic accuracy for advanced fibrosis in compensated chronic liver disease (cCLD) and to compare it with the biochemical scores FIB-4 and APRI, using transient elastography (TE) as the gold standard. A single center cross-sectional study including cCLD patients was conducted. RTE with assessment of Liver Fibrosis Index and TE were performed in the same day by different operators blind to the other technique result. The scores FIB-4 and APRI were calculated. Fibrosis cut-off values were inferred from previous evidence.

Appropriateness of Endoscopic Procedures: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Advances in endoscopy and open-access systems led to an increase in endoscopic procedures. However, overuse of endoscopy has been consistently reported. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy referral in the private and public setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study at 2 public and 5 private endoscopy units. Patients scheduled for elective EGD or colonoscopy were enrolled. Clinical data and endoscopy findings were recorded. Appropriateness of endoscopy was defined according to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines (for EGD) and the European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy II (for colonoscopy). RESULTS: Regarding EGD: 215 patients enrolled (43.7% were males) with a mean age of 61.0 ± 15.1 years; 54.0% (n = 116) were in public hospitals. Referral by a gastroenterologist was made for 34.9% (n = 75). Appropriate indications were made for 62.3% (n = 134): 42.4% in private versus 79.3% in public endoscopy units (odds ratio [OR] 5.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.85-9.49; p < 0.01). Rate of appropriate EGD was 74.7% for gastroenterologist referral and 56.1% for other specialties (OR 2.31; 95% CI 1.24-4.28; p < 0.01). Diagnostic yield for relevant findings was 47.9%. No association between indication appropriateness, gastroenterologist referral, and relevant endoscopic findings was found. Regarding colonoscopy: 287 patients enrolled (49.1% were males) with a mean age of 60.4 ± 14.4 years; 48.1% (n = 138) were in public hospitals. Referral by a gastroenterologist was made for 20.6% (n = 59). Appropriate indications were made for 70.0% (n = 201): 53.0% in private vs. 88.4% in public endoscopy units (OR 6.75; 95% CI 3.66-12.47; p < 0.01). Diagnostic yield was 57.1%. Relevant endoscopic diagnosis was associated with indication: 63.2% in the appropriate vs. 43.0% in the nonappropriate indication group (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: A significant percentage of endoscopies, mainly in the private setting, were performed without an appropriate indication. This influenced the diagnostic yield. The use of adequate criteria is fundamental for the rational use of an open-access system.

INTRODUÇÃO: O avanço em endoscopia digestiva e a existência de sistemas open-acess levaram a um aumento quantitativo de endoscopias. Porém, a sobreutilização da endoscopia tem sido reportada na literatura. Este estudo tem como objetivo aferir prospectivamente as indicações para endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e endoscopia digestiva baixa (EDB) em unidades de saúde públicas e privadas. DOENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospetivo, multicêntrico, que incluiu doentes submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) ou baixa (EDB) com intuito não terapêutico em 2 unidades hospitalares públicas e 5 unidades privadas. Adequabilidade da indicação definida pelas recomendações da American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EDA) e do European Panel on Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy II (EDB). RESULTADOS: EDA: Incluídos 215 doentes (masculino ­ 43.7%; idade média ­ 61.0 ± 15.11 anos), 54.0% (n = 116) em unidades hospitalares públicas. Referenciação por gastrenterologista em 34.9% (n = 75). Indicação considerada adequada em 62.3% (n = 134): 42.4% em unidades privadas versus 79.3% em unidades públicas (odds ratio [OR] 5.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.85­9.49, p < 0.01). Indicação adequada em 74.7% com referenciação por gastrenterologista versus 56.1% por não-gastrenterologista (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.24­4.28; p < 0.01). Identificados achados endoscópicos relevantes em 47.9%. EDB: Incluídos 287 doentes (masculino ­ 49.1%; idade média ­ 60.4 ± 14.4 anos), 48,1% (n = 138) em unidades públicas. Referenciação por gastrenterologista em 20.6% (n = 59). A indicação foi considerada adequada em 70.0% (n = 201): 53.0% em unidade privada versus 88.4% em unidade pública (OR 6.75, 95% CI 3.66­12.47; p < 0.01). Achados endoscópicos relevantes em 57.1%: 77.7% (n = 129) em exames com indicação adequada vs 22.3% (n = 37) sem indicação adequada (p < 0.05). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, uma percentagem significativa dos procedimentos endoscópicos foi realizada sem indicação apropriada, especialmente no sector privado, o que influenciou a rentabilidade diagnóstica. A prescrição tendo por base critérios definidos é fundamental para o uso racional de um sistema de acesso livre.

Variation between Pathological Measurement and Endoscopically Estimated Size of Colonic Polyps.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Accurate determination of colonic polyp size is vital to an appropriate surveillance. The main aim of this study was to evaluate variation between the polyp size reported by the endoscopist and its pathological measurement. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all colonic adenomatous polyps resected in a 12-month period was performed at our center. Endoscopic and pathological size for each polyp were compared, and overestimation rates, underestimation rates, and endoscopic-pathological variation (EPV) were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 573 polyps that were included, the mean endoscopic and pathological sizes were 8.00 and 6.66 mm, respectively. The most frequent error, in 62.1%, was overestimation by the colonoscopist. Overestimation and EPV were associated with resection technique (higher in endoscopic mucosal resection and smaller with biopsy forceps) and colonoscopist. They were not associated with years of experience in colonoscopy. Overestimation was more frequent in larger polyps. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows significant discordance between endoscopic and pathological size of colonic polyps with a clear tendency for endoscopic overestimation. Larger polyps are more difficult to accurately assess than smaller ones. This propensity for error was not related to colonoscopist's years of experience and seems to be an individual tendency.

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: A precisão na determinação do tamanho de pólipos do cólon é vital para uma vigilância adequada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação entre o tamanho reportado pelo endoscopista e pelo anatomo-patologista. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma análise retrospetiva de todos os pólipos adenomatosos ressecados, num período de 12 meses, no nosso centro. O tamanho endoscópico e patológico de cada pólipo foi comparado e foram calculadas as taxas de sobrestimativa, subestimativa e a variação endoscópica-patológica (VEP). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 573 pólipos, tamanho endoscópico e patológico médio de 8,00 e 6,66 milímetros, respetivamente. O erro mais frequente, em 62.1% foi a sobrestimativa pelo endoscopista. A sobrestimativa e a VEP associaram-se à técnica de resseção (maior na resseção endoscópica da mucosa e mais pequena na pinça de biópsias) e ao colonoscopista. Não se associaram aos anos de experiáncia em colonoscopia. A sobrestimativa foi mais frequente nos pólipos maiores. CONCLUSÕES: O nosso trabalho mostrou uma discordância significativa entre o tamanho endoscópico e patológico de pólipos do cólon com uma clara tendáncia para a sobrestimativa. Os pólipos maiores são mais difíceis de avaliar com precisão do que os mais pequenos. Esta propensão para o erro não se relacionou com os anos de experiáncia em colonoscopia e parece ser uma tendáncia individual.

Long-term outcomes of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: 5 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Chronic anal fissure is a frequent and disabling disease, often affecting young adults. Botulinum toxin and lateral internal sphincterotomy are the main therapeutic options for refractory cases. Botulinum toxin is minimally invasive and safer compared with surgery, which carries a difficult post-operative recovery and fecal incontinence risk. The long-term efficacy of Botulinum toxin is not well known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. METHODS: This was a retrospective study at a single center, including patients treated with Botulinum toxin from 2005 to 2010, followed over at least a period of 5 years. All patients were treated with injection of 25U of Botulinum toxin in the intersphincteric groove. The response was registered as complete, partial, refractory and relapse. RESULTS: Botulinum toxin was administered to 126 patients, 69.8% (n = 88) were followed over a period of 5 years. After 3 months, 46.6% (n = 41) had complete response, 23.9% (n = 21) had partial response and 29.5% (n = 26) were refractory. Relapse was observed in 1.2% (n = 1) at 6 months, 11.4% (n = 10) at 1 year, 2.3% (n = 2) at 3 years; no relapse at 5 years. The overall success rate was 64.8% at 5 years of follow-up. Botulinum toxin was well tolerated by all patients and there were no complications. CONCLUSION: The use of Botulinum toxin to treat patients with chronic anal fissure was safe and effective in long-term follow-up.

Predicting the Individual Risk of Acute Severe Colitis at Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acute severe colitis [ASC] is associated with major morbidity. We aimed to develop and externally validate an index that predicted ASC within 3 years of diagnosis. METHODS: The development cohort included patients aged 16-89 years, diagnosed with ulcerative colitis [UC] in Oxford and followed for 3 years. Primary outcome was hospitalization for ASC, excluding patients admitted within 1 month of diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression examined the adjusted association of seven risk factors with ASC. Backwards elimination produced a parsimonious model that was simplified to create an easy-to-use index. External validation occurred in separate cohorts from Cambridge, UK, and Uppsala, Sweden. RESULTS: The development cohort [Oxford] included 34/111 patients who developed ASC within a median 14 months [range 1-29]. The final model applied the sum of 1 point each for extensive disease, C-reactive protein [CRP] > 10mg/l, or haemoglobin < 12g/dl F or < 14g/dl M at diagnosis, to give a score from 0/3 to 3/3. This predicted a 70% risk of developing ASC within 3 years [score 3/3]. Validation cohorts included different proportions with ASC [Cambridge = 25/96; Uppsala = 18/298]. Of those scoring 3/3 at diagnosis, 18/18 [Cambridge] and 12/13 [Uppsala] subsequently developed ASC. Discriminant ability [c-index, where 1.0 = perfect discrimination] was 0.81 [Oxford], 0.95 [Cambridge], 0.97 [Uppsala]. Internal validation using bootstrapping showed good calibration, with similar predicted risk across all cohorts. A nomogram predicted individual risk. CONCLUSIONS: An index applied at diagnosis reliably predicts the risk of ASC within 3 years in different populations. Patients with a score 3/3 at diagnosis may merit early immunomodulator therapy.

Irritable bowel syndrome: the problem and the problem of treating it - is there a role for probiotics?

The aim of this review is to highlight the impact of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in those patients who consult the medical profession and examine the therapeutic potential of probiotics in this condition, where there is a strong need for new treatment options. Traditionally, IBS is frequently regarded as a trivial condition which is certainly not life threatening and mainly psychological in origin. However, these preconceptions are misplaced, as in some patients the condition can be devastating with the pain being as severe as that of childbirth coupled with incapacitating bowel dysfunction. In addition, patients suffer from a variety of non-colonic symptoms such as low backache, constant lethargy, nausea and genito-urinary problems, all of which lead to these patients having extremely poor quality of life. Unfortunately, the treatment of IBS is very unsatisfactory with only one new medication being developed for this condition in the last 25 years. It is now recognised that IBS is a multifactorial condition with symptoms being triggered by a variety of factors, some of which appear to be influenced by probiotics, resulting in speculation that they may have therapeutic potential in this condition. There have been over thirty controlled clinical trials of probiotics in IBS with approximately two-thirds of these studies showing evidence of an improvement in symptoms. However, not all probiotics appear to be effective with different symptoms being improved by different strains and some improving symptoms more than others. Consequently, the ideal probiotic for the treatment of IBS has yet to be defined, but the evidence is good enough to encourage further research with the aim of identifying an optimal strain or strains.

Aspectos clinicos do uso da medroxiprogesterona injetável como meio anticocepcional

Em um grupo de 25 pacientes foi aplicado a medroxiprogesterona injetável durante um período equivalente a 27 anos/mulheres . Os autores analisavam a eficiência, aceitação e efeitos secundários desta progesterona de depósito usada como método anticoncepcional.