ABSTRACT
Increased blood flow via vasodilation, metabolite production, and venous pooling contribute to the hyperemia and cellular swelling experienced during resistance training. It has been suggested that these effects play a role in hypertrophic adaptations. Over the past 2 decades, sport supplement products have been marketed to promote exercise hyperemia and intracellular fluid storage, thereby enhancing hypertrophy via acute swelling of myocytes. The three main classes of supplements hypothesized to promote exercise-induced hyperemia include vasodilators, such as nitric oxide precursor supplements; anaerobic energy system ergogenic aids that increase metabolite production, such as ß-alanine and creatine; and organic osmolytes, such as creatine and betaine. Previous studies indicated that these dietary supplements are able to improve muscle performance and thus enhance muscle hypertrophy; however, recent evidences also point to these three classes of supplements affecting "secondary" physiological determinants of muscle mass accretion such as vasodilation, metabolite accumulation, and muscle cellular swelling. Although we recognize that the literature is relatively scarce regarding these topics, a better comprehension and discussion of these determinants can lead to increased knowledge and might guide further research regarding the proposed mechanisms of action of the identified compounds. In this case, increased knowledge may contribute to the development of improved efficacy, new products, or direct new research to specifically investigate those secondary effects. The aim of this review was to bring into focus new perspectives associated with secondary physiological effects induced by supplementation and to determine their relevance.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Dietary Supplements , Exercise/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Performance-Enhancing Substances/pharmacology , Vasodilation/drug effects , Humans , Hypertrophy , Resistance TrainingABSTRACT
Brazil will soon host two major sporting events: the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Given the importance of antidoping control during these competitions, it is important that the scientific community receive a status update on antidoping control in Brazil. In this brief communication, the authors present the status of antidoping control in Brazil from an historical perspective, both the benefits and difficulties to be faced by antidoping control during these events, and the legacy resulting from the efficacy of the drug testing performed during these competitions.
Subject(s)
Doping in Sports/history , Substance Abuse Detection/history , Brazil , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , HumansABSTRACT
The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is increasing among practitioners of recreational physical activity. The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of AAS in practitioners of recreational physical activity in Brazil. After systematic review of four databases, 14 articles were included. The results indicate that the prevalence of AAS varied between 2.1% and 31.6%, according to the region analyzed and the sample characteristics. The study's limitations are noted.
Subject(s)
Anabolic Agents/administration & dosage , Androgens/administration & dosage , Doping in Sports/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Humans , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used to enhance performance and appearance. The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge of AAS among Brazilian bodybuilders. The sample was comprised of 123 male participants between the ages of 18 and 50 years. Questionnaires were administered to bodybuilders from gyms in the district capital and in the rural area of Pernambuco, state of northeast of Brazil, in 2008. We analyzed the use and abuse of AAS from several different perspectives among the bodybuilders. For the participants in our study, enhanced appearance justifies the misuse of AAS. The study's limitations are noted.
