Evaluation of the corneal epithelium of rabbits treated with preservative-free eye drops containing ketorolac tromethamine or diclofenac sodium / Avaliação dos colírios cetorolaco de trometamina e diclofenaco sódico sem conservantes no epitélio da córnea de coelhos

This study aimed to evaluate the corneal epitheliotoxic effects of preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and diclofenac sodium 0.1% eye drops in rabbits. Seventeen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: the 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine group, the 0.1% diclofenac sodium group, and the control group (0.9% NaCl). For each rabbit, both eyes were treated three times daily according to their treatment group. The corneal epithelia were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to observe the number of light, grey, and dark cells; the number of epithelial holes; and the loss of hexagonal shape. Both of the formulations administered caused changes in the healthy corneal epithelia of rabbits. Except for number of epithelial holes (p < 0.05), all the parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the groups. The number of dark cells was highest in the ketorolac tromethamine group (p<0.05). The number of grey cells was higher in the diclofenac sodium group than in the control group (p =0.003). A higher number of dark cells was associated with a smaller number of light cells (r =-0.577, p < 0.001). Loss of shape showed a direct correlation with the number of dark cells (r=0.524, p=0.002). Based on the results presented, it was possible to conclude that ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% was more toxic to rabbit corneal epithelium than diclofenac sodium 0.1%.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do cetorolaco de trometamina a 0,5% e do diclofenaco de sódico a 0,1% sem conservantes na córnea de coelhos. Dezessete coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos: o grupo de 0,5% de cetorolaco de trometamina, o grupo de 0,1% de diclofenaco sódico e o grupo controle (0,9% de NaCl). Para cada coelho, os dois olhos foram tratados três vezes ao dia durante 90 dias de acordo com o grupo de tratamento. Os epitélios da córnea foram analisados usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura para observar o número de células claras, cinzas e escuras, o número de criptas e a perda do formato celular hexagonal. Ambas as formulações administradas causaram alterações no epitélio da córnea de coelhos. Com exceção da contagem de criptas (p <0,05), todos os parâmetros apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. O número de células escuras foi maior no grupo cetorolaco de trometamina (p <0,05). O número de células cinzentas foi maior no grupo diclofenaco de sódio do que no grupo controle (p=0,003). O maior número de células escuras observado foi associado ao menor número de células claras (r=-0,577, p<0,001). A perda do formato celular mostrou uma correlação direta com o número de células escuras (r=0,524, p=0,002). O cetorolaco de trometamina 0,5% foi mais tóxico para o epitélio da córnea de coelhos do que o diclofenaco de sódio a 0,1%.

Histiocitoma cutâneo canino: relato de caso / Canine cutaneous histiocytoma: case report

O histiocitoma cutâneo canino é um tumor benigno de células redondas, sendo uma das neoplasias cutâneas mais comuns visto em cães jovens. Este trabalho, tem o objetivo de relatar um caso de um canino jovem diagnosticado com histiocitoma. Após um exame clínico inicial o animal foi encaminhado para o exame de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina, o qual evidenciou alterações características de um histiocitoma. A causa etiológica é de origem desconhecida. Não foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico para exérese do tumor, e sim, instituído tratamento conservador, havendo remissão total do tumor após duas semanas.(AU)

Canine cutaneus histiocytoma is a benign round cell tumor, being one of the most common cutaneous neoplasms seen in young dogs. This paper aims to report a case of a canine diagnosed with histiocytoma. After an initial clinical examination the animal was referred to the fine needle aspiration cytology, which showed characteristics changes of a histiocytoma. The etiological cause is of unknown origin. No surgical procedure was performed for tumor excision, but conservative treatment was institued with total tumor remission after two weeks.(AU)

Histiocitoma cutâneo canino: relato de caso / Canine cutaneous histiocytoma: case report

O histiocitoma cutâneo canino é um tumor benigno de células redondas, sendo uma das neoplasias cutâneas mais comuns visto em cães jovens. Este trabalho, tem o objetivo de relatar um caso de um canino jovem diagnosticado com histiocitoma. Após um exame clínico inicial o animal foi encaminhado para o exame de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina, o qual evidenciou alterações características de um histiocitoma. A causa etiológica é de origem desconhecida. Não foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico para exérese do tumor, e sim, instituído tratamento conservador, havendo remissão total do tumor após duas semanas.

Canine cutaneus histiocytoma is a benign round cell tumor, being one of the most common cutaneous neoplasms seen in young dogs. This paper aims to report a case of a canine diagnosed with histiocytoma. After an initial clinical examination the animal was referred to the fine needle aspiration cytology, which showed characteristics changes of a histiocytoma. The etiological cause is of unknown origin. No surgical procedure was performed for tumor excision, but conservative treatment was institued with total tumor remission after two weeks.

Torção esplênica primária associado à baço acessório em cão / Primary splenic torsion associated with accessory spleen in a dog

Background: Primary splenic torsion occurs when there is a splenic vascular pedicle rotation without association of otherdiseases, as the Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV). Accessory spleen consists in a splenic tissue fraction independentfrom main organ, caused by a spleen defect in the embryonic development, most remaining asymptomatic and discoveredincidentally. They have their own blood supply, which is usually from a branch of the splenic artery. Present report represents a primary splenic torsion with the accessory spleen finding in a dog.Case: A 7-year-old female mongrel was referred to Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,showing pain and firm consistency in the left abdominal region, prostration and inappetence four days before the medicalappointment. At the clinical examination, the patient was alert, 7% dehydration, hypocorous mucous membranes, withoutalteration in lymph nodes, left abdominal pain. Laboratory tests, chest radiographic and abdominal ultrasound was requested.Two images compatible with splenic image were visualized, one with a regular structure without vascularization suggestingsplenic torsion and another with homogeneous parenchyma and echogenicity of the normal spleen, with vascularizationsignal. The animal was referred to the surgical procedure and the anesthetic induction protocol with propofol (6 mg/kg-1)and ketamine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg-1) and maintenance with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg-1/min) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg-1), in a semi-closed loop and spontaneous ventilation. The pre-retro-umbilical incision in theventral midline was performed, and the exploratory celiotomy was done. During the cavity exploring, a small amount of freefluid and a structure compatible with the spleen were observed. It was noted that the splenic vascular pedicle was twistedaround its axis and the gastroesplenic and splenocolic ligaments were also involved...(AU)

Torção esplênica primária associado à baço acessório em cão / Primary splenic torsion associated with accessory spleen in a dog

Background: Primary splenic torsion occurs when there is a splenic vascular pedicle rotation without association of otherdiseases, as the Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV). Accessory spleen consists in a splenic tissue fraction independentfrom main organ, caused by a spleen defect in the embryonic development, most remaining asymptomatic and discoveredincidentally. They have their own blood supply, which is usually from a branch of the splenic artery. Present report represents a primary splenic torsion with the accessory spleen finding in a dog.Case: A 7-year-old female mongrel was referred to Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,showing pain and firm consistency in the left abdominal region, prostration and inappetence four days before the medicalappointment. At the clinical examination, the patient was alert, 7% dehydration, hypocorous mucous membranes, withoutalteration in lymph nodes, left abdominal pain. Laboratory tests, chest radiographic and abdominal ultrasound was requested.Two images compatible with splenic image were visualized, one with a regular structure without vascularization suggestingsplenic torsion and another with homogeneous parenchyma and echogenicity of the normal spleen, with vascularizationsignal. The animal was referred to the surgical procedure and the anesthetic induction protocol with propofol (6 mg/kg-1)and ketamine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg-1) and maintenance with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (0.2-0.4 mg/kg-1/min) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg-1), in a semi-closed loop and spontaneous ventilation. The pre-retro-umbilical incision in theventral midline was performed, and the exploratory celiotomy was done. During the cavity exploring, a small amount of freefluid and a structure compatible with the spleen were observed. It was noted that the splenic vascular pedicle was twistedaround its axis and the gastroesplenic and splenocolic ligaments were also involved...

Minilaparoscopia outra abordagem para a laparoscopia em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Minilaparoscopy Another approach for small animals laparoscopy: Literature review

Laparoscopia é uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva realizada através de pequenas incisões mantidas abertas através de portais denominados trocartes, por onde instrumentais penetram o abdômen e alcançam o foco cirúrgico. Diferentes abordagens cirúrgicas pela técnica aberta em pequenos animais já foram descritas e tiverem viabilidade comprovada. No segmento da cirurgia de invasão mínima, alguns métodos laparoscópicos vêm sendo propostos variando entre si em relação ao posicionamento, quantidade e tamanho dos trocartes, além dos métodos de hemostasia empregados. A minilaparoscopia é o acesso laparoscópico abdominal através da utilização deum portal de 5 ou 10 milímetros (mm), o qual deve ser de posição umbilical, enquanto os demais obrigatoriamente devem apresentar 3mm ou menos. Não é uma modalidade recente na cirurgia humana, é considerada a evolução mais sofisticada da cirurgia laparoscópica, apresenta muitos outros benefícios além do apelo estético; visto que a lesão relacionada ao dano cirúrgico não se resume as somas das incisões realizadas. A técnica minilaparoscópica (MINI) é promissora e reina pela delicadeza e precisão dos movimentos, sem perda da triangulação, essencial ao padrão laparoscópico. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo trazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre cirurgia MINI.(AU)

Laparoscopy is minimally invasive surgery performed through small incisions kept open with tubes called trocars. Through trocars, all laparoscopic instruments are enabling to reach the area of surgery. Many different open access surgical approaches in small animal have been described and have proven viability. In the segment of minimally invasive surgery, some laparoscopic approaches have been proposed with different position, number and size of trocars and hemostatic method used. The minilaparoscopy (MINI) access uses one 5 or 10mm portal, which must be in the umbilical position, while the other portals must be 3mm or less. MINI is not a new modality in human laparoscopic surgery. Considered the most sophisticated evolution of laparoscopic surgery, the technique has many other benefits beyond the aesthetic; since the injury caused by the damage of surgery is not just the sum of the incisions. The technique stands out for the delicacy and accuracy of the movement without loss of triangulation, essential for the laparoscopic model. Thus, the goal of this study was to perform a review of MINI technique.(AU)

Minilaparoscopia – outra abordagem para a laparoscopia em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Minilaparoscopy – Another approach for small animals laparoscopy: Literature review

Laparoscopia é uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva realizada através de pequenas incisões mantidas abertas através de portais denominados trocartes, por onde instrumentais penetram o abdômen e alcançam o foco cirúrgico. Diferentes abordagens cirúrgicas pela técnica aberta em pequenos animais já foram descritas e tiverem viabilidade comprovada. No segmento da cirurgia de invasão mínima, alguns métodos laparoscópicos vêm sendo propostos variando entre si em relação ao posicionamento, quantidade e tamanho dos trocartes, além dos métodos de hemostasia empregados. A minilaparoscopia é o acesso laparoscópico abdominal através da utilização deum portal de 5 ou 10 milímetros (mm), o qual deve ser de posição umbilical, enquanto os demais obrigatoriamente devem apresentar 3mm ou menos. Não é uma modalidade recente na cirurgia humana, é considerada a evolução mais sofisticada da cirurgia laparoscópica, apresenta muitos outros benefícios além do apelo estético; visto que a lesão relacionada ao dano cirúrgico não se resume as somas das incisões realizadas. A técnica minilaparoscópica (MINI) é promissora e reina pela delicadeza e precisão dos movimentos, sem perda da triangulação, essencial ao padrão laparoscópico. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo trazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre cirurgia MINI.

Laparoscopy is minimally invasive surgery performed through small incisions kept open with tubes called trocars. Through trocars, all laparoscopic instruments are enabling to reach the area of surgery. Many different open access surgical approaches in small animal have been described and have proven viability. In the segment of minimally invasive surgery, some laparoscopic approaches have been proposed with different position, number and size of trocars and hemostatic method used. The minilaparoscopy (MINI) access uses one 5 or 10mm portal, which must be in the umbilical position, while the other portals must be 3mm or less. MINI is not a new modality in human laparoscopic surgery. Considered the most sophisticated evolution of laparoscopic surgery, the technique has many other benefits beyond the aesthetic; since the injury caused by the damage of surgery is not just the sum of the incisions. The technique stands out for the delicacy and accuracy of the movement without loss of triangulation, essential for the laparoscopic model. Thus, the goal of this study was to perform a review of MINI technique.