Changes in Cytokines Concentration Following Long-Distance Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Long-distance running is an exhausting effort for the whole organism. Prolonged aerobic exercise induces changes in inflammatory markers. However, predicting muscle damage in response has limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers used to measure inflammatory status. The present study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles focusing in ultra-marathon, marathon, and half-marathon and levels of cytokines. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, resulting in the inclusion of 76 articles. IL-6 was highlighted, evaluated in 62 studies and show increase in the standard mean difference (SMD): half-marathon (SMD -1.36; IC 95%: -1.82, -0.89, Ch2:0.58; tau2:0.00; p < 0.0001), marathon (SMD -6.81; IC 95%: -9.26, -4.37; Ch2:481.37 tau2:11.88; p < 0.0001) and ultra-marathon (SMD -8.00 IC 95%: -10.47, -5.53; Ch2:328.40; tau2:14.19; p < 0.0001). In contrast meta-regression analysis did not show relationship to the running distance (p = 0.864). The meta-analysis evidenced increase in the concentration of IL-1ra (p < 0.0001), IL-1B (p < 0.0001), IL-8 (p < 0.0001), IL-10 (p < 0.0001) and TNF-α (p < 0.0001). Reduction in IL-2 (p < 0.0001) and INF-y (p < 0.03) and no change in the IL-4 (p < 0.56). The number of studies evaluating the effect of adipokines was limited, however Leptin and Resistin were recurrent. The effects of an acute bout of prolonged aerobic exercise will protect against chronic systemic inflammation. The time to return to baseline values showed a substantial and dose-dependent relationship with run volume. The concentration of IL-6 was robustly studied and the marathon running was the most explored. Network of endocrine interactions in which circulating factors, released in extreme exercises, interplay through inter-organ crosstalk and physiologic changes were expressed. The running volume variability was able to modulate compounds that play a fundamental role in the maintenance of homeostasis and cell signaling.

Obesity and clinical severity in patients with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strain, was first identified in late 2019 in China. The outcomes of patients affected by the virus can worsen, developing acute respiratory failure and other serious complications, especially in older individuals and people with obesity and comorbidities. Thus, obese patients tend to have a more severe course of COVID-19. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the evidence in the literature that associates COVID-19 and the severity of clinical outcomes in infected obese patients. METHODS: This protocol was designed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols Statement. Scientific and gray literature will be systematically selected from PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Online Scientific Electronic Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The selection of articles will be limited to studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish from December 2019 onwards. The main clinical outcomes will be clinical severity in obese patients with COVID-19 as tachypnea (respiratory rate, ≥ 30 breaths per minute), hypoxemia (oxygen saturation, ≤ 93%), the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (< 300), lung infiltrate (> 50% of the lung field involved within 24-48 h), diagnosis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, need of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. Selection bias will be minimized by excluding studies published before December 2019. Conflicts will be resolved through a third reviewer and consensus-building. Moreover, findings will be reported using narrative synthesis and tabulation of the summaries. DISCUSSION: Given the need for early detection of the possible implications and treatment for patients with obesity diagnosed with COVID-19, the scoping review will be useful to capture the state of the current literature, identify the gaps, and make recommendations for future research for directing the conduct and optimization of therapies in these patients by the multiprofessional teams. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/xrkec.

Phenolcalc: facilitating the calculation of polyphenols in foods / Phenolcalc: facilita el cálculo de polifenoles en los alimentos

INTRODUCTION: Due to the proven beneficial activities, interest in polyphenols has increased and consequently, interest in determining the distribution and quantity of these compounds in foods has also increased. OBJECTIVE: To develop a tool to facilitate the estimation of polyphenols in food-specific portions using data from the online database Phenol-Explorer 3.6 (2016). METHODS: Microsoft Excel® software (version 2013) was used to develop the study and data collected on the Phenol-Explorer 3.6 online platform (version 2016). Data from various foods and their corresponding phenolic compounds were entered into the Excel spreadsheet. By applying the required formulas to each data point, it is possible to obtain the final value of the amount of phenolic compound for a specific food. RESULTS: The generated material was composed of two workbooks: "Phenol-Explorer - 2016", which included the restructured data from the online database showing the content of phenolic compounds in various foods and "Estimation of polyphenols", intended for users who want to quantitatively estimate the amount of phenolic compounds present in food, organized into six meals a day. DISCUSSION: Many software applications are currently designed to speed up the tedious daily activities of its users. Although these programs contribute to nutritional planning, they do not have the functionality to calculate the amounts of polyphenols that have been consumed and / or will be offered at meals. CONCLUSIONS: "PhenolCalc" allows fast and simplified estimation of polyphenols in foods and meals. Such a tool would contribute to the popularization of the analysis of these compounds at the food planning level. This is important due to the scientifically established relationship between polyphenol intake and health promotion

INTRODUCCIÓN: debido a las actividades beneficiosas comprobadas, el interés en los polifenoles ha aumentado y, en consecuencia, también ha aumentado el interés en determinar la distribución y cantidad de estos compuestos en los alimentos. OBJETIVO: Desarrollar una herramienta para facilitar la estimación de polifenoles en porciones específicas de alimentos utilizando datos de la base de datos en línea Phenol-Explorer 3.6 (2016). MÉTODOS: se utilizó el software Microsoft Excel® (versión 2013) para desarrollar el estudio y los datos recopilados en la plataforma en línea Phenol-Explorer 3.6 (versión 2016). Los datos de varios alimentos y sus compuestos fenólicos correspondientes se ingresaron en la hoja de cálculo Excel. Al aplicar las fórmulas requeridas, es posible obtener el valor final de la cantidad de compuesto fenólico para un alimento específico. RESULTADOS: El material generado se compuso de dos libros de trabajo: "Phenol-Explorer - 2016", que incluyó los datos reestructurados de la base de datos en línea que muestra el contenido de compuestos fenólicos en varios alimentos y "Estimación de polifenoles", destinados a usuarios que desean estimar cuantitativamente la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos presentes en los alimentos, organizados en seis comidas al día. DISCUSIÓN: Actualmente, muchas aplicaciones de software están diseñadas para acelerar las tediosas actividades diarias de sus usuarios. Aunque estos programas contribuyen a la planificación nutricional, no tienen la funcionalidad para calcular las cantidades de polifenoles que se han consumido y / o se ofrecerán en las comidas. CONCLUSIONES: "PhenolCalc" permite una estimación rápida y simplificada de polifenoles en alimentos y comidas. Dicha herramienta contribuiría a la popularización del análisis de estos compuestos a nivel de planificación de alimentos. Esto es importante debido a la relación científicamente establecida entre la ingesta de polifenoles y la promoción de la salud