PERCEPTION OF HARASSMENT AMONG FEMALE SURGEONS.

INTRODUCTION: the attraction of women by Surgery has always existed. Although Surgery has been considered a specialty for men, several women chose it, despite gender bias issues that have persisted over many years. Several obstacles have impacted the practice of women surgeons, leading them to abandon the profession, while others, perhaps bearers of a stronger spirit, managed to overcome them, and won. OBJECTIVE: to assess the rates of perception of harassment against female surgeons as a cause of difficulty and negative feelings related to the specialty. METHODS: we conducted a quantitative and qualitative (personal accounts) research through a questionnaire via Google Forms® sent to all women surgeons registered in the Brazilian College of Surgeons and in a WhatsApp women surgeons' groups. The qualitative analysis was made with the Wordle® app. RESULTS: from 821 questionnaires sent, we obtained 232 responses (28.2%). Harassment perception during training was 49.1% (n=114). From the women surgeons who perceived harassment, 56.1% reported having undergone different training than expected, with statistical significance (p<0.001). The question of having been treated differently due to being a woman also had an impact on harassment perception (77.2% harassed vs 47.5%; p<0.001). Physical (42.1% vs 6.8%) and emotional (92.1% vs 39.8%) threats were also different between groups. CONCLUSION: women surgeons still report great harassment perception, both moral and sexual, which impacts their feelings about the specialty.

Perception of harassment among female surgeons / Percepção de assédio entre as cirurgiãs

ABSTRACT Introduction: the attraction of women by Surgery has always existed. Although Surgery has been considered a specialty for men, several women chose it, despite gender bias issues that have persisted over many years. Several obstacles have impacted the practice of women surgeons, leading them to abandon the profession, while others, perhaps bearers of a stronger spirit, managed to overcome them, and won. Objective: to assess the rates of perception of harassment against female surgeons as a cause of difficulty and negative feelings related to the specialty. Methods: we conducted a quantitative and qualitative (personal accounts) research through a questionnaire via Google Forms® sent to all women surgeons registered in the Brazilian College of Surgeons and in a WhatsApp women surgeons' groups. The qualitative analysis was made with the Wordle® app. Results: from 821 questionnaires sent, we obtained 232 responses (28.2%). Harassment perception during training was 49.1% (n=114). From the women surgeons who perceived harassment, 56.1% reported having undergone different training than expected, with statistical significance (p<0.001). The question of having been treated differently due to being a woman also had an impact on harassment perception (77.2% harassed vs 47.5%; p<0.001). Physical (42.1% vs 6.8%) and emotional (92.1% vs 39.8%) threats were also different between groups. Conclusion: women surgeons still report great harassment perception, both moral and sexual, which impacts their feelings about the specialty.

RESUMO Introdução: a atração das mulheres pela Cirurgia sempre existiu. Embora a Cirurgia seja considerada especialidade para homens, várias mulheres a escolheram, apesar de questões de preconceito de gênero que têm se mantido ao longo de vários anos. Vários obstáculos têm impactado na prática das cirurgiãs, levando-as a abandonar a profissão, mas outras, talvez, as de espírito mais forte, conseguiram superá-los e venceram. Objetivo: avaliar a taxas de percepção de assédio contra cirurgiãs como causa de dificuldade e sentimentos negativos relacionados com a especialidade. Método: pesquisa, quantitativa e qualitativa (relatos pessoais), realizada por meio de questionário via Google Forms® enviado para todas as cirurgiãs registradas no Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões e em grupo WhatsApp de cirurgiãs. A análise qualitativa foi feita com o aplicativo Wordle®. Resultados: Foram enviados 821 questionários e obtidas 232 respostas (28,2%). A percepção de assédio durante o treinamento foi de 49.1% (n=114). As cirurgiãs com percepção de assédio foram estatisticamente aquelas que reportaram ter tido treinamento diferente do que ansiavam (56,1%) (p<0,001). O quesito tratamento distinto por ser mulher também impactou na percepção do assédio (77,2% assediadas vs 47,5%; p<0,001). Ameaça física (42,1% vs 6,8%) e emocional (92,1% vs 39,8%) também foram distintas entre os grupos. Conclusão: cirurgiãs ainda reportam grande percepção de assédio moral e sexual, o que impacta na forma de encarar a profissão.

Are 2 Years Enough? Exploring Technical Skills Acquisition Among General Surgery Residents in Brazil.

UNLABELLED: Phenomenon: Recent studies have shown that up to 40% of the General Surgery (GS) residents are not confident with their surgical skills. There is concern that residents are at risk of receiving inadequate training due to the low number of operations they perform. In Brazil, although all GS residents receive by law the Board Certification at the end of their programs, the assessment of their technical skills is not mandatory in Medical Residency programs' training. Consequently, our concern was that current GS medical residency format might be insufficient to create competent and autonomous general surgery residents after 2 years of regular training. Hence, the aim was to assess GS residents' surgical skills in their final months of training to evaluate the present format of GS residency programs in Brazil. APPROACH: Trained surgical faculty members directly observed 11 operations of varying difficulty performed by 2nd-year regular GS residents and by 4th-year residents in the optional Advanced Program in General Surgery. Participants were located at 3 university and 3 nonuniversity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo (Brazil's largest cities). Surgical skills were assessed using an internally developed observation checklist reviewed by subject matter experts. FINDINGS: Sixty residents (46 regular 2nd-year trainees and 14 advanced 4th-year trainees) were assessed on performing 499 operations. Only 10 residents (17%), all advanced 4th-year residents, satisfactorily performed all operations and were considered eligible for the Board Certification. Even after excluding the 2 operations of greatest difficulty, only 24 regular 2nd-year residents (52%) satisfactorily performed the other 9 operations. Residents from hospitals with open Emergency Departments performed better than those from hospitals without Emergency Departments. Insights: The results of this pilot study suggest that residents with 2 years of training are not prepared for independent high-level surgical practice. The current formatting of regular GS residency programs in Brazil (2 years) may be insufficient to train experts in general surgery.

Super especialização na cirurgia geral : problema ou solução? / Super specialization in general surgery : a problem or the solution?

A cirurgia geral atualmente é considerada, por alguns, como uma especialidade cansativa, desinteressante. Acredita-se que o aparecimento de novas tecnologias, a internet, a videocirurgia, a robótica, a telemedicina, a especialização e o desinteresse, dos recém formados, pela cirurgia geral são fatores que contribuem para esta mudança. Neste artigo são discutidas as mudanças no exercício da cirurgia geral que ocorrem no Brasil, no mundo, as suas consequencias na formação do Cirurgião Geral e o reflexo no atendimento à população.

Nowadays, general surgery is considered as a tiring and uninteresting specialty. It is believed that the advent of new technologies, the internet, videosurgery, robotics, telemedicine, specialization and the indifference of recently graduated for the general surgery may be factors that had contributed to this change. In this article the changes of general surgery practice in Brazil, in the world an their consequences in the general surgeon professional development are being discussed.

[Super specialization in general surgery--a problem or the solution?]. / Super especialização na cirurgia geral--problema ou solução?

Nowadays, general surgery is considered as a tiring and uninteresting specialty. It is believed that the advent of new technologies, the internet, videosurgery, robotics, telemedicine, specialization and the indifference of recently graduated for the general surgery may be factors that had contributed to this change. In this article the changes of general surgery practice in Brazil, in the world an their consequences in the general surgeon professional development are being discussed.

Lesão iatrogênica da via biliar principal em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica / Iatrogenic biliary tract injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

OBJETIVO: Estudar a incidência, mortalidade e morbidez da lesão iatrogênica da via biliar em um Hospital Universitário onde os pacientes foram operados por vários cirurgiões em diferentes fases de treinamento (residentes e "staffs"). MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes operados no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HUCFF-UFRJ) no período entre janeiro de 1992 e dezembro de 2003. Foram pesquisadas as lesões da via biliar principal, o tempo de reconhecimento das mesmas (per ou pós operatória) e o tipo de reparo utilizado. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 1589 pacientes com índice de lesão da via biliar de 0.25 por cento, as quais ocorreram principalmente nos últimos anos do uso da técnica no hospital. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de lesões da via biliar foi semelhante à da literatura e bastante próxima à da cirurgia convencional, e não esteve diretamente relacionada à curva de aprendizado do cirurgião.

Recidiva ulcerosa: complicação tardia do tratamento cirúrgico da úlcera péptica / Recurrent ulcer: post-surgical peptic ulcer complication

Os autores apresentam o problema da recidiva ulcerosa pós-cirurgica. Esta complicação tardia ocorre mais frequentemente em operados por úlcera duodenal. A recidiva pode ocorrer após todas as técnicas empregadas. As causas mais frequentes são os defeitos da técnica, entre eles a vagotomia incompleta.O aparecimento de sintomas como dor epigástrica e/ou hemorragia digestiva em gastrectomizados por úlcera faz suspeitar do problema. A endoscopia digiestiva é decisiva para o diagnóstico. O tratamento, inicialmente, pode ser clínico com bloqueadores dos receptores H2 e de bomba de prótons. Reservamos o tratamento cirúrgico pra a recidivas com complicações. Deve-se sempre pesquisar a presença de vagos residuais. quando há suspeita de gastrinoma, deve-se iniciar o tratamento clínico até que a localização do tumor seja bem definida, quando, então, deve ser retirado cirurgicamente