Overview of general surgery medical residency programs and prerequisite program in basic surgical area in Brazil: Historical review and update.

OBJECTIVE: to describe vacancy regulation process by adding, describing the panorama of the General Surgery Residency Program (PRMCG) and the Basic Surgical Prerequisites Program (PRACB). METHOD: descriptive, quali-quantitative, cross sectional study conducted from document analysis from National Commission of Medical Residency (CNRM). RESULTS: in 2018, after evaluation of the General Surgery Services for adequacy of the number of vacancies (DS), the PRACB was instituted as a modality of access to surgical specialties until definitive change in the time of the formation of the general surgeon for three years, in 2022. In the first addition of vacancies in 2018, 127 PRMCG were authorized with 736 vacancies of R1 and 290 PRACB (2 years) with 1.286 vacancies offered for R1. In the second addition in 2021, 423 PRM were authorized with 1.564 R1 vacancies in PRMCG. DISCUSSION: the regulation of the offer of vacancies for the formation of specialties in Brazil should align the evaluation of practice scenarios with the profile of skills. The PRACB modality was instituted for a certain time for budgetary preparation and practice scenarios until the complete transition to training in 3 years. CONCLUSION: Brazil by 2018 was the only country to grant the Board Certification to General Surgeon with only 2 years of training. After a transitional period the same analysis methodology for adding and regulating vacancies was applied to services.

Overview of general surgery medical residency programs and prerequisite program in basic surgical area in Brazil: Historical review and update / Panorama dos programas de residência médica em cirurgia geral e programa de pré-requisito em área cirúrgica básica no Brasil: Resgate histórico e atualização

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe vacancy regulation process by adding, describing the panorama of the General Surgery Residency Program (PRMCG) and the Basic Surgical Prerequisites Program (PRACB). Method: descriptive, quali-quantitative, cross sectional study conducted from document analysis from National Commission of Medical Residency (CNRM). Results: in 2018, after evaluation of the General Surgery Services for adequacy of the number of vacancies (DS), the PRACB was instituted as a modality of access to surgical specialties until definitive change in the time of the formation of the general surgeon for three years, in 2022. In the first addition of vacancies in 2018, 127 PRMCG were authorized with 736 vacancies of R1 and 290 PRACB (2 years) with 1.286 vacancies offered for R1. In the second addition in 2021, 423 PRM were authorized with 1.564 R1 vacancies in PRMCG. Discussion: the regulation of the offer of vacancies for the formation of specialties in Brazil should align the evaluation of practice scenarios with the profile of skills. The PRACB modality was instituted for a certain time for budgetary preparation and practice scenarios until the complete transition to training in 3 years. Conclusion: Brazil by 2018 was the only country to grant the Board Certification to General Surgeon with only 2 years of training. After a transitional period the same analysis methodology for adding and regulating vacancies was applied to services.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o contexto do processo de construção e implantação da Matriz de Competências da Cirurgia Geral com tempo de formação em 3 anos e o processo sobre a regulação de vagas, por aditamento, descrevendo o panorama dos Programas de Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral (PRMCG) e do Programa de Pré-Requisito em área cirúrgica básica (PRACB). Método: estudo descritivo, quanti-qualitativo, transversal, realizado a partir da análise documental das atas, súmulas, nota técnica, resoluções e atos autorizativos da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (CNRM), bem como do Diagnóstico Situacional (DS), considerando a matriz de competências da especialidade em sua implementação, por meio de dados coletados no Sistema da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (SisCNRM), no portal eletrônico do Ministério da Educação (MEC). Resultado: em 2018, após metodologia de avaliação dos serviços para adequação do número de vagas (DS), foi instituído o PRACB como uma modalidade de acesso às especialidades cirúrgicas e de adaptação dos serviços formadores, até mudança definitiva no tempo de formação do Cirurgião Geral, para três anos, em 2022. No primeiro aditamento de vagas, em 2018, foram autorizados 127 PRMCG (3 anos) com 736 vagas de R1 e 290 pracb (2 anos) com 1286 vagas ofertadas para R1. No segundo aditamento, em 2021, foram autorizados 423 PRM com 1564 vagas de R1 em PRMCG. Atualmente 2495 médicos residentes estão em curso nos PRMCG e 50 (R2) estão concluindo o pracb. A maior concentração de PRM e médicos residentes encontra-se no Estado de São Paulo, em oposição a Região Norte. Discussão: a regulação da oferta de vagas para a formação de especialistas no Brasil deve alinhar a avaliação dos cenários de prática ao perfil das competências para a Especialidade como as necessidades de médicos especialistas indicada pelo perfil socioepidemiológico da população. Contudo, as instituições devem possuir estrutura compatível para a aquisição de competências necessárias ao especialista e dotação orçamentária para o financiamento do processo. A modalidade PRACB foi instituída por tempo determinado para a preparação orçamentária e dos cenários de prática, até a transição completa para a formação em 3 anos, possibilitando ao médico residente, enquanto vigente, acesso às especialidades cirúrgicas. Conclusão: O Brasil até 2018 era o único país a conceder o Título de Especialista em Cirurgia Geral com um tempo exíguo de treinamento - 2 anos. Após um período de transição, a mesma metodologia de análise para aditamento e regulação da oferta de vagas foi aplicada aos serviços. A partir de 2023, o PRMCG com duração de 3 anos, será a modalidade de formação que confere o título de especialista em Cirurgião Geral pela CNRM, promovendo qualificação profissional para assistência e cenários de prática compatíveis com a aquisição de competências. .

Sentinel Lymph Node Navigation Surgery for Early Gastric Cancer: Is It a Safe Procedure in Countries with Non-Endemic Gastric Cancer Levels? A Preliminary Experience.

PURPOSE: Early diagnosis of gastric cancer is still the exception in Western countries. In the East, as in Japan and Korea, this disease is an endemic disorder. More conservative surgical procedures are frequently performed in early gastric cancer cases in these countries where sentinel lymph node navigation surgery is becoming a safe option for some patients. This study aims to evaluate preliminary outcomes of patients with early gastric cancer who underwent sentinel node navigation surgeries in Brazil, a country with non-endemic gastric cancer levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2008 to March 2014, 14 out of 205 gastric cancer patients underwent sentinel lymph node navigation surgeries, which were performed using intraoperative, endoscopic, and peritumoral injection of patent blue dye. RESULTS: Antrectomies with Billroth I gastroduodenostomies were performed in seven patients with distal tumors. The other seven patients underwent wedge resections. Sentinel basin resections were performed in four patients, and lymphadenectomies were extended to stations 7, 8, and 9 in the other 10. Two patients received false-negative results from sentinel node biopsies, and one of those patients had micrometastasis. There was one postoperative death from liver failure in a cirrhotic patient. Another cirrhotic patient died after two years without recurrence of gastric cancer, also from liver failure. All other patients were followed-up for 13 to 79 months with no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node navigation surgery appears to be a safe procedure in a country with non-endemic levels of gastric cancer.

Construction and validation of a surgical skills assessment tool for general surgery residency program / Construção e validação de um instrumento de avaliação de habilidades técnicas para programas de residência em cirurgia geral

Objective: To develop and validate an instrument for measuring the acquisition of technical skills in conducting operations of increasing difficulty for use in General Surgery Residency (GSR) programs. Methods: we built a surgical skills assessment tool containing 11 operations in increasing levels of difficulty. For instrument validation we used the face validaity method. Through an electronic survey tool (Survey MonKey(r)) we sent a questionnaire to Full and Emeritus members of the Brazilian College of Surgeons - CBC - all bearers of the CBC Specialist Title. Results: Of the 307 questionnaires sent we received 100 responses. For the analysis of the data collected we used the Cronbach's alpha test. We observed that, in general, the overall alpha presented with values near or greater than 0.70, meaning good consistency to assess their points of interest. Conclusion: The evaluation instrument built was validated and can be used as a method of assessment of technical skill acquisition in the General Surgery Residency programs in Brazil.

Objetivo: construir e validar um instrumento para aferir a aquisição de habilidades técnicas na realização de operações de graus crescentes de dificuldade para ser utilizado na Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral (RMCG). Métodos: foi construído um instrumento de avaliação de habilidades cirúrgicas contendo 11 operações em níveis crescentes de dificuldade. Para a validação do instrumento foi usado o método de validação de face. Por meio de uma ferramenta de pesquisa eletrônica (Survey MonKey(r)) um questionário foi enviado para membros Titulares e Eméritos do CBC de todos os estados brasileiros, portadores de Título de Especialista pelo CBC. Resultados: Dos 307 questionários enviados foram recebidas 100 respostas. Para a análise dos dados coletados foi utilizado o teste alfa de Cronbach. Observou-se, de uma forma geral, que os alfas globais se apresentaram com valores próximos ou superiores a 0,70, expressando uma boa consistência interna das perguntas para avaliar os respectivos aspectos de interesse. Conclusão: O instrumento de avaliação construído foi validado e pode ser usado como um método de avaliação da aquisição de habilidade técnica na Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral no Brasil.

Construction and validation of a surgical skills assessment tool for general surgery residency program.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an instrument for measuring the acquisition of technical skills in conducting operations of increasing difficulty for use in General Surgery Residency (GSR) programs. METHODS: we built a surgical skills assessment tool containing 11 operations in increasing levels of difficulty. For instrument validation we used the face validity method. Through an electronic survey tool (Survey MonKey®) we sent a questionnaire to Full and Emeritus members of the Brazilian College of Surgeons--CBC--all bearers of the CBC Specialist Title. RESULTS: Of the 307 questionnaires sent we received 100 responses. For the analysis of the data collected we used the Cronbach's alpha test. We observed that, in general, the overall alpha presented with values near or greater than 0.70, meaning good consistency to assess their points of interest. CONCLUSION: The evaluation instrument built was validated and can be used as a method of assessment of technical skill acquisition in the General Surgery Residency programs in Brazil.

Lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer, identifying risk factors for its development. METHODS: we conducted a prospective study of patients with gastric cancer admitted to the Section of the Esophago-Gastric Surgery of the Surgery of Service HUCFF-UFRJ, from January 2006 to May 2012. RESULTS: the rate of early gastric cancer was 16.3%. The incidence of nodal metastases was 30.8% and occurred more frequently in patients with tumors with involvement of the submucosa (42.9%), in those poorly differentiated (36.4%), in tumors larger than 2 cm (33.3%) and in type III ulcerated lesions (43.8%). CONCLUSION: the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients was very high and suggests that one should keep the radicality of resection in early gastric cancer, particularly in relation to D2 lymphadenectomy, recommended for advanced gastric cancer. Conservative resections, with lymphadenectomies smaller than D2, should be performed only in selected cases, well-studied as for the risk factors of lymph node metastasis. Despite the small number of cases did not permit to relate the rate of lymph node metastasis to the risk factors considered, we noted a strong tendency for the occurrence of these metastases in the poorly differentiated, type III, larger than 2 cm tumors, and in the Lauren diffuse types.

Lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer / Metástase linfonodal em câncer gástrico precoce

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer, identifying risk factors for its development. METHODS: we conducted a prospective study of patients with gastric cancer admitted to the Section of the Esophago-Gastric Surgery of the Surgery of Service HUCFF-UFRJ, from January 2006 to May 2012. RESULTS: the rate of early gastric cancer was 16.3%. The incidence of nodal metastases was 30.8% and occurred more frequently in patients with tumors with involvement of the submucosa (42.9%), in those poorly differentiated (36.4%), in tumors larger than 2 cm (33.3%) and in type III ulcerated lesions (43.8%). CONCLUSION: the incidence of lymph node metastases in patients was very high and suggests that one should keep the radicality of resection in early gastric cancer, particularly in relation to D2 lymphadenectomy, recommended for advanced gastric cancer. Conservative resections, with lymphadenectomies smaller than D2, should be performed only in selected cases, well-studied as for the risk factors of lymph node metastasis. Despite the small number of cases did not permit to relate the rate of lymph node metastasis to the risk factors considered, we noted a strong tendency for the occurrence of these metastases in the poorly differentiated, type III, larger than 2 cm tumors, and in the Lauren diffuse types. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência de metástases linfonodais no câncer gástrico precoce identificaando fatores de risco para o surgimento destas metástases. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo de pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico, internados na Seção de Cirurgia Esôfago-Gástrica do Serviço de Cirurgia Geral do HUCFF-UFRJ, no período de janeiro de 2006 a maio de 2012. RESULTADOS: a frequência de câncer gástrico precoce foi 16,3%. A incidência de metástases ganglionares foi 30,8% e ocorreu com maior frequência nos pacientes portadores de tumores com comprometimento da submucosa (42,9%), naqueles pouco diferenciados (36,4%), nos tumores maiores que 2cm (33,3%) e nas lesões ulceradas do tipo III (43,8%). CONCLUSÃO: a incidência de metástases linfonodais entre os pacientes foi muito alta e sugere que se deva manter, no câncer gástrico precoce, a radicalidade das ressecções, particularmente no que se refere à linfadenectomia D2, preconizada para o câncer gástrico avançado. Ressecções conservadoras, com linfadenectomias menores que D2 devem ser realizadas apenas em casos selecionados, bem estudados quanto aos fatores de risco de metástases linfonodais. Apesar do pequeno número de casos não ter permitido relacionar o índice de metástases linfonodais aos fatores de risco estudados, pôde-se verificar uma forte tendência à ocorrência destas metástases em tumores do tipo III, maiores que 2cm, pouco diferenciados e do tipo difuso de Lauren. .

Avaliação da preceptoria na residência médica em cirurgia geral, no centro cirúrgico, comparação entre um hospital universitário e um hospital não universitário / Assessment of preceptorship in general surgery residency in the operating room, comparison between a teaching hospital and a non teaching hospital

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a preceptoria no programa de residência médica em Cirurgia Geral, no centro cirúrgico, em um hospital universitário e em um hospital não universitário, a partir da ótica dos residentes que ingressaram em 2010 e 2011. MÉTODOS: Questionário aplicado aos residentes, modificado de Sarker SK, Vincent C, e Darzi AW e usando-se a escala de Likert para qualificar o ítem pesquisado sobre as atitudes dos preceptores. A comparação da distribuição das respostas entre os dois hospitais foi analisada pelo teste de c² para tendências. RESULTADOS: No hospital universitário foram avaliados 12 preceptores por sete residentes. No hospital não universitário foram 11 preceptores avaliados por 13 residentes. O hospital não universitário apresentou a tendência de resposta discordante e indiferente (DC, D e I) maior que o hospital universitário. Só o resultado de uma pergunta apresentou significância estatística. Não houve diferença significativa na comparação das respostas nas demais perguntas entre os dois hospitais. CONCLUSÃO: Os hospitais apresentaram preceptoria semelhante.

BACKGROUND: Medical residency is well known as the best training method after graduation. It is a moment when, in addition to receiving technical guidance, residents should also develop attitudes, ethics, and professionalism. In order for that to occur, preceptors should be prepared for their task. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the preceptorship in the Medical Residency in General Surgery program, in the operating room of a Teaching Hospital (TH) and a Non-teaching Hospital (NTH), from the viewpoint of the residents who entered in 2010 and 2011. METHODS: A questionnaire was applied to the residents, adapted from Sarker, Vincent and Darzi, and the Likert scale was used to qualify the survey items on the preceptors' attitudes. RESULTS: At the TH, 12 preceptors were evaluated by 7 residents. One of the residents did not answer the questionnaire. At the NTH, 11 preceptors were evaluated by 13 residents. The comparison of the distribution of responses between hospitals was analyzed using the chi-squared test for trend. Significance level was set at 5%. The statistical analysis was processed by the statistical software SAS® System version 6.11 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). The NTH showed a greater trend for discordant and indifferent responses than the TH. Only one question resulted in statistical significance between the hospitals. No significant difference was found between hospitals in the comparison of the responses to the remaining CONCLUSION: Only question 4 ("Keeps focused on the operation") showed a significant difference (p=0.010) in the distribution of responses. The two hospitals exhibited similar preceptorship quality.

Minor gastric resections with modified lymphadenectomy in early gastric cancer with negative sentinel node.

OBJECTIVE: To study the sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer as a diagnostic method of unsuspected lymph node metastasis, which may allow the performance, in those with negative lymph nodes, of smaller gastric resections with limited lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We studied seven patients with early gastric cancer treated at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from September 2008 to May 2011, who underwent sentinel lymph node exams, performed by intraoperative peritumoral endoscopic injection of patent blue dye. RESULTS: We found an average of three sentinel nodes per patient. The frozen biopsy of lymph nodes was negative for metastases, which allowed the realization of atypical gastric resection in three cases and antrectomy with BI reconstruction in four. The performed lymphadenectomy was modified D1. There was no operative mortality. The duration of postoperative follow-up ranged from five to 37 months, without evidence of recurrence. One patient developed a second early tumor 13 months after the initial surgery and underwent total gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: The sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer proved to be an effective method for the evaluation of nodal metastases in seven patients and allowed for smaller gastric resections and limited lymphadenectomies. These minor procedures reduce the risk of postoperative complications, maintaining, on the other hand, the oncological radicality that is required in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Ressecções gástricas menores com linfadenectomia modificada em câncer gástrico precoce com linfonodo sentinela negativo / Minor gastric resections with modified lymphadenectomy in early gastric cancer with negative sentinel node

OBJETIVO: Estudar a pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico precoce como método diagnóstico de metástase ganglionar insuspeita, e que permita a realização, naqueles com gânglios negativos, de ressecções gástricas menores, com linfadenectomia limitada. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados sete pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico precoce, tratados no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, no período de setembro de 2008 a maio de 2011, e submetidos à pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela, realizada através da injeção endoscópica, peritumoral, transoperatória, do corante azul patente. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados, em média, três linfonodos sentinelas por paciente. A biópsia por congelação destes linfonodos foi negativa para metástases, o que permitiu a realização de ressecção gástrica atípica em três casos e antrectomia com reconstrução a BI em quatro. A linfadenectomia realizada foi a D1 modificada. Não houve mortalidade operatória. O tempo de acompanhamento pós-operatório variou de cinco a 37 meses, sem evidências de recidivas. Uma paciente apresentou um segundo tumor precoce 13 meses depois da primeira cirurgia e foi submetida à gastrectomia total. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela em câncer gástrico precoce, nos sete pacientes estudados, mostrou-se um método eficaz para a avaliação de metástases ganglionares e permitiu a realização de ressecções gástricas menores e linfadenectomias limitadas. Estes procedimentos de menor porte diminuem o risco de complicações pós-operatórias, mantendo, por outro lado, a radicalidade oncológica que se exige no tratamento do câncer gástrico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer as a diagnostic method of unsuspected lymph node metastasis, which may allow the performance, in those with negative lymph nodes, of smaller gastric resections with limited lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We studied seven patients with early gastric cancer treated at the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from September 2008 to May 2011, who underwent sentinel lymph node exams, performed by intraoperative peritumoral endoscopic injection of patent blue dye. RESULTS: We found an average of three sentinel nodes per patient. The frozen biopsy of lymph nodes was negative for metastases, which allowed the realization of atypical gastric resection in three cases and antrectomy with BI reconstruction in four. The performed lymphadenectomy was modified D1. There was no operative mortality. The duration of postoperative follow-up ranged from five to 37 months, without evidence of recurrence. One patient developed a second early tumor 13 months after the initial surgery and underwent total gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: The sentinel lymph node in early gastric cancer proved to be an effective method for the evaluation of nodal metastases in seven patients and allowed for smaller gastric resections and limited lymphadenectomies. These minor procedures reduce the risk of postoperative complications, maintaining, on the other hand, the oncological radicality that is required in the treatment of gastric cancer.

[Assessment of preceptorship in general surgery residency in the operating room, comparison between a teaching hospital and a non teaching hospital]. / Avaliação da preceptoria na residência médica em cirurgia geral, no centro cirúrgico, comparação entre um hospital universitário e um hospital não universitário.

BACKGROUND: Medical residency is well known as the best training method after graduation. It is a moment when, in addition to receiving technical guidance, residents should also develop attitudes, ethics, and professionalism. In order for that to occur, preceptors should be prepared for their task. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the preceptorship in the Medical Residency in General Surgery program, in the operating room of a Teaching Hospital (TH) and a Non-teaching Hospital (NTH), from the viewpoint of the residents who entered in 2010 and 2011. METHODS: A questionnaire was applied to the residents, adapted from Sarker, Vincent and Darzi, and the Likert scale was used to qualify the survey items on the preceptors' attitudes. RESULTS: At the TH, 12 preceptors were evaluated by 7 residents. One of the residents did not answer the questionnaire. At the NTH, 11 preceptors were evaluated by 13 residents. The comparison of the distribution of responses between hospitals was analyzed using the chi-squared test for trend. Significance level was set at 5%. The statistical analysis was processed by the statistical software SAS® System version 6.11 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). The NTH showed a greater trend for discordant and indifferent responses than the TH. Only one question resulted in statistical significance between the hospitals. No significant difference was found between hospitals in the comparison of the responses to the remaining CONCLUSION: Only question 4 ("Keeps focused on the operation") showed a significant difference (p=0.010) in the distribution of responses. The two hospitals exhibited similar preceptorship quality.

[Learning curve and iatrogenic injuries in laparoscopic cholecystectomies]. / Curva de aprendizado e lesões iatrogênicas em colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze surgeon's proficiency, based on the different aspects of his learning curve as a risk factor for iatrogenic biliary tract injuries associated with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. METHODS: a retrospective study was conducted using the report information from charts of patients January 1992 through December 2007; at Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Analysis from data collected from charts of 2285 patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Data from surgeons involved with this type of surgery was also analyzed. RESULTS: a total of six injuries (0.26%) were found. This result is similar to that found in international publications. All injuries had occurred in the surgeon's second phase of the learning curve with more than 50 video surgeries. CONCLUSION: it was conclude that Video surgery Certificate and previous training are not related to biliary tract injuries in this series. Surgeon's age was not a risk factor in this study. There was statistical significance between surgeons' experience and injuries.

Curva de aprendizado e lesões iatrogênicas em colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas / Learning curve and iatrogenic injuries in laparoscopic cholecystectomies

OBJETIVO: Analisar a proficiência do cirurgião em colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas, de acordo com sua curva de aprendizado, como fator de risco para as lesões iatrogênicas da via biliar principal. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 2285 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro no período de janeiro de 1992 a dezembro de 2007. As características dos cirurgiões foram avaliadas através questionário no qual se procurou identificar idade, experiência profissional em cirurgia convencional e laparoscópica e métodos de aprendizado em videocirurgia. RESULTADOS: O número de lesões da via biliar principal neste estudo foi de seis (0,26 por cento), semelhante ao encontrado na literatura mundial. Todas ocorreram na segunda fase da curva de aprendizado, quando os cirurgiões já haviam realizado mais de 50 colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas. CONCLUSÃO: Certificado de habilitação, treinamento prévio e idade dos cirurgiões se relacionaram com as lesões da via biliar principal nesta série. Houve significância estatística na diferença entre as médias dos tempos de experiência dos cirurgiões e sua relação com as lesões.

Objective: the aim of this study is to analyze surgeon's proficiency, based on the different aspects of his learning curve as a risk factor for iatrogenic biliary tract injuries associated with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. METHODS: a retrospective study was conducted using the report information from charts of patients January 1992 through December 2007; at Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Analysis from data collected from charts of 2285 patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Data from surgeons involved with this type of surgery was also analyzed. RESULTS: a total of six injuries (0.26 percent) were found. This result is similar to that found in international publications. All injuries had occurred in the surgeon's second phase of the learning curve with more than 50 video surgeries. CONCLUSION: it was conclude that Video surgery Certificate and previous training are not related to biliary tract injuries in this series. Surgeon's age was not a risk factor in this study. There was statistical significance between surgeons' experience and injuries.

[Women and surgeons]. / Mulheres e cirurgiãs.

The authors present the current view of the women in Surgery since the end of the XIX century until now. They discuss the difficulties they face when they choose Surgery as a career and the progress now achieved.

Mulheres e cirurgiãs / Women and surgeons

As autoras apresentam o panorama da inserção das mulheres nas Especialidades Cirúrgicas desde o final do século XIX até os dias atuais e analisam as dificuldades enfrentadas bem como o aumento desta inserção nos dias atuais.

The authors present the current view of the women in Surgery since the end of the XIX century until now. They discuss the difficulties they face when they choose Surgery as a career and the progress now achieved.

Residência médica em cirurgia geral no Brasil: muito distante da realidade profissional / General surgery residency in Brasil: very far from real practice

O autor apresenta a organização atual da Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral no Brasil desde sua implantação, suas várias modificações até chegar ao modelo atual. Discute suas dúvidas e idéias sobre questões tais como o melhor modelo para a residência em cirurgia geral, a diminuição da procura da Cirurgia Geral como especialidade e suas causas.

The author presents the Residency in General Surgery in Brazil from its inception, outlining its changes up to the present day. She discusses her doubts and thoughts about the best model for General Surgery residency programs and the declining demand for General Surgery as a career and the causes for such decline.

Seleção para a residência médica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: percepção dos candidatos sobre o modelo da prova / Admissions to medical residency at the Federal University in Rio de Janeiro: perceptions by applicants concerning the test model

Este trabalho relata a opinião dos candidatos aprovados nos programas de residência médica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) que concorreram às especialidades, sem pré-requisito, quanto ao modelo de prova, baseado nas modificações propostas pela comissão do processo seletivo 2005. Na elaboração das provas, foram utilizadas como referencial as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação de Medicina e a Resolução da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica. Um questionário estruturado, com questões fechadas, foi distribuído aleatoriamente aos candidatos aprovados nesse concurso. A maioria dos respondentes (84,16 por cento) avaliou como "muito boa" ou "boa" cada etapa do concurso, sendo que a prova prática presencial com pacientes obteve o melhor conceito. Os autores discutem as competências necessárias na atenção à saúde e que serviram de base para as principais modificações introduzidas no processo seletivo. Outro ponto relevante foi a importância da integração interdisciplinar da comissão de seleção. O alto índice de aprovação mostra que as mudanças realizadas foram pertinentes, e os graus atribuídos às diversas etapas do concurso podem contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do processo seletivo e como instrumento de avaliação educacional dos recém-formados das faculdades de Medicina.

This article reports on the opinions of applicants admitted to the medical residency programs at the Federal University in Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (based on those that applied for specialties without prerequisites) in relation to the test model, according to the changes proposed by the 2005 admissions committee. The admissions tests were elaborated on the basis of the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Studies in Medicine and a specific ruling by the National Commission on Medical Residency. A structured questionnaire with closed questions was distributed randomly to the applicants that passed the admissions tests. The majority of the respondents (84.16 percent) rated each stage of the admissions process as "very good" or "good", with the highest rating going to the practical examination with patients. The authors discuss the necessary healthcare skills that served as the basis for the principal changes in the admissions process. Another relevant point was the importance of interdisciplinary integration in the admissions committee. The high approval rate shows that the changes were pertinent, and that the scores attributed to the various stages can help improve the admissions process and serve as an evaluation tool for recent medical school graduates.

General surgery residency in Brasil - very far from real practice.

The author presents the Residency in General Surgery in Brazil from its inception, outlining its changes up to the present day. She discusses her doubts and thoughts about the best model for General Surgery residency programs and the declining demand for General Surgery as a career and the causes for such decline.