Plants utilized as medicines by residents of Quilombo da Fazenda, Núcleo Picinguaba, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil: A participatory survey.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Participatory research can help to broaden the understanding of medical systems and beliefs of traditional communities. An ethnopharmacological survey in collaboration with local people focused on plants used in quilombos located in Southeast Region in Brazil identified cultural factors that influence plant and recipe choice. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the factors related to the therapeutic efficiency of medicinal plants from the perspective of Quilombo da Fazenda residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: University researchers collaborated with community residents for both aims and methods of the study. The local partners were trained in the gathering of ethnopharmacological data and then selected and interviewed the residents considered experts on the use of medicinal plants. Data on the use of each species were supported by voucher specimens collected by the local partners and university researchers. Participant observations and field diaries by the university researchers supplemented the data. RESULTS: Eight interviewees mentioned 92 medicinal species with 60 therapeutic uses, applied in 208 recipes or remedies. Asteraceae (13 species), Lamiaceae (5) and Urticaceae (5) contributed most medicinal plant species. Of the 12 etic categories of use, the circulatory system category had the highest number of plants mentioned. Decoction was the most commonly used preparation method (66.8%), and most remedies were administered orally (76.4%). Eighty-six recipes included more than one plant species and/or the addition of other components, such as sugar, salt or animal products. Several cultural factors influence medicinal plant use. Popular beliefs on the quality of blood or the humoral properties of plants and illnesses, characteristics of the plants and other factors determine which plant is used and why. CONCLUSIONS: The participatory method identified a large number of factors that influence medicinal plant use: the patient's blood type; the condition of the plant and the disease (hot-cold system); the route of administration and dosage; the preventive uses of the plants; and the influence of other factors, such as the sun, the moon and dew. The participatory approach is useful for gaining insight on the decision processes of medicinal plant use in traditional societies, and also for those communities wanting to document their knowledge with or without the participation of the academy.

Avaliação do impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros / Influence of the economic impact of mastitis in dairy cattle

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram simular, analisar e quantificar o impacto econômico da frequência média anual de mastite clínica em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com 1, 7 e 15% de mastite clínica. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, contagem de células somáticas no tanque e contagem de células somática individual), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medida curativa considerou-se apenas tratamento de casos clínicos. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas acrescido das despesas com preven-ção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da frequência média anual de mastite influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite, evidenciando a necessidade de monitoramento da mastite clínica e subclínica e adoção de medidas preventivas para diminuir os prejuízos ocasionados por essa enfermidade. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 19,7% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois ela irá contribuir significativamente para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite. (AU)

INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE. The objectives of this research were to analyze and quantify the economic impact of the annual average frequency of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The research was carried through data simulation in the CU$TO MASTITE computational system, considering dairy cattle with 1, 7 and 15% of clinical mastitis. The expenditures considered as prevention included those of monitoring (culture and antibiogram, bulk tank somatic cell count and individual somatic cell count) pre- and post-dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of the milking machine. The measures considered as healing consisted only of the treatment of clinical cases. The impact of the mastitis was estimated as being the total in losses in addition to the expenditures with prevention and treatment of clinical cases. The increase of the annual average frequency of mastitis directly influenced the economic impact of the mastitis. The higher economic impact evidences the need for the monitoring of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the adoption of preventative measures to diminish the damages caused by this disease. The expenditures with preventive treatment represented, at maximum, 19.7% of the economic impact, which demonstrates the advantages of investing in this practice, since it contributes significantly toward reducing the economic impact of mastitis.(AU)

Avaliação do impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros / Influence of the economic impact of mastitis in dairy cattle

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram simular, analisar e quantificar o impacto econômico da frequência média anual de mastite clínica em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com 1, 7 e 15% de mastite clínica. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, contagem de células somáticas no tanque e contagem de células somática individual), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medida curativa considerou-se apenas tratamento de casos clínicos. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas acrescido das despesas com preven-ção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da frequência média anual de mastite influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite, evidenciando a necessidade de monitoramento da mastite clínica e subclínica e adoção de medidas preventivas para diminuir os prejuízos ocasionados por essa enfermidade. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 19,7% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois ela irá contribuir significativamente para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite.

INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE. The objectives of this research were to analyze and quantify the economic impact of the annual average frequency of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The research was carried through data simulation in the CU$TO MASTITE computational system, considering dairy cattle with 1, 7 and 15% of clinical mastitis. The expenditures considered as prevention included those of monitoring (culture and antibiogram, bulk tank somatic cell count and individual somatic cell count) pre- and post-dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of the milking machine. The measures considered as healing consisted only of the treatment of clinical cases. The impact of the mastitis was estimated as being the total in losses in addition to the expenditures with prevention and treatment of clinical cases. The increase of the annual average frequency of mastitis directly influenced the economic impact of the mastitis. The higher economic impact evidences the need for the monitoring of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the adoption of preventative measures to diminish the damages caused by this disease. The expenditures with preventive treatment represented, at maximum, 19.7% of the economic impact, which demonstrates the advantages of investing in this practice, since it contributes significantly toward reducing the economic impact of mastitis.

Influência da contagem de células somáticas sobre o impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros / Influence of somatic cell counting in the economic impact of mastitis in dairy herds

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar e quantificar a influência da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sobre o impacto econômico da mastite. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com média de 250.000; 500.000; 750.000 e 1.000.000 células somáticas/mL de leite. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, CCS do tanque e CCS individual), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medidas curativas foram considerados os tratamentos com casos clínicos, cuja percentagem foi de 7% das vacas em lactação. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da contagem de células somáticas no tanque influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite. O elevado impacto evidencia a necessidade de monitoramento da mastite clínica e subclínica e adoção de medidas preventivas para diminuir os impactos ocasionados. As despesas com prevenção repre-sentaram, no máximo, 10,8% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois irá contribuir significativamente para diminuição da CCS no tanque e, consequen-temente, para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite.

The objectives of this research were to investigate and quantify the influence of the somatic cell count (SCC) on the economic impact of mastitis. The work was carried out by means of data simulation in CU$TO MASTITE software system, taking into account dairy herds with 250,000; 500,000; 750,000 and 1,000.000 cells/mL of milk. Were considered as prevention expenses on monitoring (culture and antibiogram, bulk tank SCC and individual SCC) pre and post dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of milking machine. As curative measures, treatment of clinical cases were considered, which percentage was 7% of the lactating cows. The impact of mastitis was estimated as being the total in losses added of expenses on both prevention and treatment of clinic cases. Increased bulk tank somatic cell count influenced directly the economic impact of mastitis. The high economic impact highlights the need for monitoring of clinic and subclinical mastitis and adoption of preventive measures to decrease the impacts. The expenses on preventive treatment represents, in the maximum, 10.8% of the economic impact which demonstrates advantages in investing on that practice, once it will contribute significantly to the decrease of bulk tank SCC and, consequently to reduce the economic impact of mastitis.

INFLUÊNCIA DA CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS SOBRE O IMPACTO ECONÔMICO DA MASTITE EM REBANHOS BOVINOS LEITEIROS

ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to investigate and quantify the influence of the somatic cell count (SCC) on the economic impact of mastitis. The work was carried out by means of data simulation in CU$TO MASTITE software system, taking into account dairy herds with 250,000; 500,000; 750,000 and 1,000.000 cells/mL of milk. Were considered as prevention expenses on monitoring (culture and antibiogram, bulk tank SCC and individual SCC) pre and post dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of milking machine. As curative measures, treatment of clinical cases were considered, which percentage was 7% of the lactating cows. The impact of mastitis was estimated as being the total in losses added of expenses on both prevention and treatment of clinic cases. Increased bulk tank somatic cell count influenced directly the economic impact of mastitis. The high economic impact highlights the need for monitoring of clinic and subclinical mastitis and adoption of preventive measures to decrease the impacts. The expenses on preventive treatment represents, in the maximum, 10.8% of the economic impact which demonstrates advantages in investing on that practice, once it will contribute significantly to the decrease of bulk tank SCC and, consequently to reduce the economic impact of mastitis.

RESUMO Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar e quantificar a influência da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sobre o impacto econômico da mastite. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com média de 250.000; 500.000; 750.000 e 1.000.000 células somáticas/mL de leite. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, CCS do tanque e CCS individual), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medidas curativas foram considerados os tratamentos com casos clínicos, cuja percentagem foi de 7% das vacas em lactação. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da contagem de células somáticas no tanque influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite. O elevado impacto evidencia a necessidade de monitoramento da mastite clínica e subclínica e adoção de medidas preventivas para diminuir os impactos ocasionados. As despesas com prevenção repre-sentaram, no máximo, 10,8% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois irá contribuir significativamente para diminuição da CCS no tanque e, consequen-temente, para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite.