Mastication in overweight and obese children: A comparative cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze masticatory characteristics in children from 7 to 10 years, and to compare these characteristics among normal weight, overweight and obese children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in northeast Brazil, with a sample of 160 children, aged 7 to 10 years. The authors evaluated: nutritional and dental status; food intake; masticatory parameters and orofacial myofunctional characteristics. The children were divided according to nutritional status into normal weight (n = 101), overweight (n = 33) and obesity (n = 26) groups. Results: The results showed that Obese children had a larger bite size (g) (median = 6.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-9.0, p = 0.049) and performed fewer masticatory sequences (median = 3.0, Q1-Q3 = 2.0-3.2, p = 0.024) than children with normal weight (median = 5.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-7.0; median = 4.0, Q1-Q3 = 3.0-5.0). Furthermore, obese children finished feeding in a shorter time (s) (median = 62.5, Q1-Q3 = 50.5-70.0, p = 0.039) than normal weight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 56.5-78.0) and overweight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 58.0-81.5). Conclusions: The present results suggest that obese children present changes in mastication, evidenced by larger bite-size, performing fewer masticatory sequences and rapid mastication, which may contribute to increased food consumption and the development of excess weight.

Food consumption and masticatory performance of normal weight, overweight and obese children aged 7 to 12 years old.

Childhood obesity is a significant public health problem. Studies show that obese children are more likely to become obese adults. In an attempt to ascertain the factors associated with childhood obesity, research has shown that this condition is associated with changes in food consumption and masticatory performance. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate food consumption and masticatory performance in normal weight, overweight and obese children aged 7 - 12 years. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 92 children aged 7 - 12 years, of both sexes, from a public school in a Brazilian municipality. The children were divided into the following groups: normal weight (n = 48), overweight (n = 26) and obese (n = 18). Anthropometric parameters, food consumption, food consistency preference, and masticatory performance were evaluated. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. To compare numerical variables, the one-way ANOVA test was applied. For variables not conforming to a normal distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Our results show that the children with obesity consumed fewer fresh foods (median = 3, IQI = 4.00-2.00, p = 0.026), consumed more ultra-processed foods (median = 4, IQI = 4.00-2.00, p = 0.011), performed fewer mastication sequences (median = 2, IQI = 3.00-2.00, p = 0.007), and ate faster (median = 58.50, IQI = 69.00-48.00, p = 0.026) compared to children of normal weight. We conclude that children with obesity exhibit differences in food consumption and masticatory performance compared to children of normal weight.

Mastication in overweight and obese children: A comparative cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze masticatory characteristics in children from 7 to 10 years, and to compare these characteristics among normal weight, overweight and obese children. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in northeast Brazil, with a sample of 160 children, aged 7 to 10 years. The authors evaluated: nutritional and dental status; food intake; masticatory parameters and orofacial myofunctional characteristics. The children were divided according to nutritional status into normal weight (n = 101), overweight (n = 33) and obesity (n = 26) groups. RESULTS: The results showed that Obese children had a larger bite size (g) (median = 6.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-9.0, p = 0.049) and performed fewer masticatory sequences (median = 3.0, Q1-Q3 = 2.0-3.2, p = 0.024) than children with normal weight (median = 5.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-7.0; median = 4.0, Q1-Q3 = 3.0-5.0). Furthermore, obese children finished feeding in a shorter time (s) (median = 62.5, Q1-Q3 = 50.5-70.0, p = 0.039) than normal weight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 56.5-78.0) and overweight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 58.0-81.5). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that obese children present changes in mastication, evidenced by larger bite-size, performing fewer masticatory sequences and rapid mastication, which may contribute to increased food consumption and the development of excess weight.

Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to investigate the time of onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell and taste in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS: Two independent authors performed a systematic review of the Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, COCHRANE, Lilacs and Web of Science electronic databases. The time of onset and duration of symptoms were considered primary outcomes. The sex and age of individuals, the geographical location of the study, the prevalence of symptoms, other associated symptoms, associated comorbidities, and the impact on quality of life and eating habits were considered secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Our search generated 17 articles. Many of the studies reported that the onset of anosmia and ageusia occurred 4 to 5 days after the manifestation of other symptoms of the infection and that these symptoms started to disappear after one week, with more significant improvements in the first two weeks. CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that the onset of symptoms of loss of smell and taste, associated with COVID-19, occurs 4 to 5 days after other symptoms, and that these symptoms last from 7 to 14 days. Findings, however, varied and there is therefore a need for further studies to clarify the occurrence of these symptoms. This would help to provide early diagnosis and reduce contagion by the virus.

Mastication in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a systematic review / Mastigação em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that changes in mastication are related to overweight in children and adolescents as these changes influence the increase in food consumption. The objective of this article was to characterize, through a systematic review, the mastication in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. For this, two independent authors performed a systematic review of the electronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences. Masticatory characteristics were considered as primary outcomes; the methods of analyzing mastication, the physical characteristics of the foods/materials used in the analyses and the fasting time were considered as secondary outcomes. This review was prepared in accordance with the items of the preferential reports for systematic analysis and meta-analysis. The systematic review protocol was submitted to the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews. Nine articles were included in this review. The reviewed articles suggest that children and/or adolescents with overweight or obese present masticatory damages because they have worse masticatory performance and altered orofacial myofunctional characteristics.

RESUMO Estudos têm demonstrado que alterações na mastigação estão relacionadas ao excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes, o que pode levar ao aumento do consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar, através de uma revisão sistemática, a mastigação em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Para isso, dois autores independentes realizaram uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. As características mastigatórias foram consideradas desfechos primários; os métodos de análise da mastigação, as características físicas dos alimentos/materiais utilizados nas análises e o tempo de jejum foram classificados como desfechos secundários. Esta revisão foi elaborada de acordo com os itens dos relatórios preferenciais para análise sistemática e metanálises. O protocolo de revisão sistemática foi submetido ao Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas. Nove artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados dos artigos revisados sugerem que crianças e/ou adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentam danos mastigatórios, pois possuem pior performance mastigatória e características miofuncionais orofaciais alteradas.

Síndrome metabólica em idosos diabéticos tipo 2 atendidos em ambulatório de uma capital brasileira / Metabolic syndrome in elderly type 2 diabetics treated at an outpatient clinic in a Brazilian capital

Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de síndrome metabólica e seus fatores associados em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo descritivo observacional realizado com idosos diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, no período de 2017-2018, recrutados no Ambulatório de Nutrição/Diabetes do Núcleo de Assistência ao Idoso da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foram coletados os dados: sexo e faixa etária e, para a avaliação antropométrica dos participantes, foram mensurados o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência de cintura. Também foram coletados os valores de colesterol total e frações, além de glicemia em jejum, hemoglobina glicosilada e diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial. Para analisar os dados obtidos foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de MannWhitney. Para as análises, foi adotado um intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: a amostra foi de 273 participantes, com média de idade de 68,77±5,65 anos e cerca de 89,8% (n=158) apresentaram síndrome metabólica. A presença dessa condição foi associada a valores maiores de peso corporal (p=0,04), índice de massa corporal (p=0,003), circunferência de cintura (p<0,001) e glicemia em jejum (p=0,007). Conclusões: ocorreu alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica nos idosos estudados com essa condição associada a valores maiores de peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e glicemia em jejum. Esses achados demonstram a importância na identificação precoce e na intervenção preventiva dessas condições na população idosa, diminuindo a morbimortalidade por ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares e melhorando sua qualidade de vida.

Aims: to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: observational descriptive study conducted with elderly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in the period 2017-2018, recruited at the Nutrition / Diabetes Outpatient Clinic of the Elderly Care Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco. Gender and age group were collected, and for the anthropometric evaluation of the participants, the body mass index and waist circumference were measured. We also collected the values of total cholesterol and fractions, as well as fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and previous diagnosis of hypertension. To analyze the obtained data, Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square and Mann-Whitney test were used. For the analyzes, a confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of 0.05 were adopted.Results: the sample consisted of 273 participants, with a mean age of 68.77±5.65 years and 89.8% (n=158) presented metabolic syndrome. The presence of this condition was associated with higher values of body weight (p=0.04), body mass index (p= 0.003), waist circumference (p<0.001) and fasting blood glucose (p=0.007). Conclusions: there was a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the elderly studied with this condition associated with higher values of body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and fasting glucose. These findings demonstrate the importance of early identification and preventive inter-vention of these conditions in the elderly population, reducing morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular events and improving the quality of life in the elderly.

Estado nutricional de pacientes alcoolistas de uma Instituição hospitalar do Nordeste Brasileiro / Nutritional Status of alcoholic patients of a hospital institution of the Brazilian Northeast

Introdução: O alcoolismo é caracterizado pela ingestão repetitiva do álcool, constituindo atualmente um problema de saúde pública. O aproveitamento orgânico da energia fornecida pelas bebidas alcoólicas dependerá do estado nutricional do indivíduo, da frequência e do padrão de consumo, podendo levar ao sobrepeso e a obesidade, em consumidores moderados, e a desnutrição entre os usuários crônicos. Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional e associá-lo aos fatores sociodemográficos de pacientes alcoolistas internos. Metodologia: estudo do tipo transversal realizado em uma Instituição hospitalar do nordeste brasileiro. Foram incluídos na pesquisa todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Dependência do Álcool (SDA), internos e que preenchiam os critérios de elegibilidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário próprio estruturado, abordando informações sociodemográficas, antropométricas e de comorbidades. Resultados: foram avaliados 121 alcoolistas adultos, com média de idade de 43,59±9,53 anos, do sexo masculino. A prevalência foi de indivíduos divorciados (38%), desempregados (54,5%), com baixa escolaridade (44,6%) e com renda familiar entre um e dois salários mínimos (41,3%). Verificou-se, ainda, que 75,2% eram eutróficos, segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), no entanto, 66,1%, 83,5% e 88,4% eram desnutridos, de acordo com a Prega Cutânea Tricipital (PCT), a Circunferência do Braço (CB) e a Circunferência Muscular do Braço (CMB), respectivamente. Em relação à obesidade abdominal, 92,6% e 72,7% dos indivíduos, foram classificados sem obesidade abdominal, segundo a Circunferência da Cintura (CC) e a Razão cintura/estatura (RCEst), respectivamente, e 91,7% sem risco para doença cardiovascular de acordo com a Razão cintura/quadril (RCQ). Conclusão: além de prejuízos sociais e econômicos causados pelo uso abusivo do álcool, evidenciou-se, também, os efeitos deletérios à saúde, principalmente ao estado nutricional, observando-se comprometimento tanto de massa magra quanto de massa gorda (AU)

Introduction: Alcoholism is characterized by repetitive intake of alcohol, currently constituting a public health problem. Organic use of the energy provided by alcohol depends on the nutritional status of the individual, the frequency and pattern of consumption, which can lead to overweight and obesity in moderate drinkers, and malnutrition among chronic users. Aim: To assess the nutritional status and associate it to socio-demographic factors of alcoholic inpatients. Methodology: Study of a cross-sectional type made in a hospital institution of the Brazilian Northeast. All patients with diagnoses for Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) were included in the research, inpatients and those who fulfilled the eligibility criterion. The data collection was done through a proper structured questionnaire, approaching socio-demographic information, anthropometrical and of comorbidities. Results: 121 alcoholic adults were assessed, with an age range of 43,59±9,53 years old, of the masculine gender. The prevalence was of divorced individuals (38%), unemployed (54,5%), with low school level (44,6%) and with family income between one and two minimum wages (41,3%). It was also verified that 75,2% of them were eutrophic, according to the Body Mass Index (BMI), however 66,1%, 83,5% and 88,4% were malnourished, according to the Triceps Skinfold Thickness (TSF), the Arm Circumference (AC) and the Arm Muscle Circumference (AMC), respectively. As for the abdominal obesity, 92,6% and 72,7% of the individuals were classified as with no abdominal obesity, according to the Waist Circumference (WC) and the waist-to-height (WHtR), respectively, and 91,7% with no risk to cardiovascular disease in accordance to waist hip ratio (WHR). Conclusion: Besides the social and economic damages caused by the excessive alcohol consumption, It also became clear the detrimental health effects, mainly to the nutritional status, with the impairment of either the lean mass or the fat mass being observed (AU)