Evaluation of soluble co-inhibitors and co-stimulators levels of the immune response in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Co-inhibitor and co-stimulator mediators trigger actions that result in immunological homeostasis and are being evaluated as potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer (GC). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the soluble levels of sPD-1, sPD-L1, sPD-L2, sTIM-3, sGal9, sGITR, and sGITRL in GC patients. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital de Cancer de Pernambuco, Brazil between 2017 and 2018. A total of 74 GC patients and 30 healthy controls were included. RESULTS: Low levels of sPD1 (p = 0.0179), sPDL2 (p = 0.0003), and sGal9 (p < 0.0001), and higher levels of sPDL1 (p = 0.004), sTIM-3 (p = 0.0072), sGITR (p = 0.0179), and sGITRL (p = 0.0055) compared to the control group. High sPD-1, sTIM-3, and sGal9 levels in stage IV compared I/II and III (p < 0.05). High sPDL1, sGal9, and sGITRL levels in esophagogastric junction compared to body and Pylorus/Antrum groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in sPD1, sPDL1, sPDL2, sTIM3, sGal9, sGITR, and sGITRL levels between the intestinal, diffuse, and mixed GC groups. Low sGITR levels in GC patients who died within the first 24 months compared to the who survived (p = 0.0332). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association of sPD1, sTIM-3, and sGal9 with disease progression and sGITR with death, these mediators may be potential prognostic biomarkers in GC.

Soluble levels of 4-1BB (CD137) and OX40 (CD134) are associated with cancer progression in gastric adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have demonstrated that soluble forms of T-cell costimulatory molecules 4-1BB (s4-1BB) and OX40 (sOX40) interact with immune cells and may constitute a mechanism of immune evasion by tumors in various cancers. The role of the soluble forms of 4-1BB and OX40 in GC remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association between serum levels of s4-1BB and sOX40 and tumor progression in patients with GC. METHODS: Between 2017 and 2018, a cross-sectional study was performed with serum samples of 83 GC patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS: Patients with stage IV metastatic gastric cancer had significantly higher levels of soluble OX40 in comparison with stage III patients with lymph nodes metastasis (p = 0.0003) and stages I and II patients (p = 0.005), whereas the opposite was found for soluble 4-1BB levels, with lower levels being found in advanced stage III (p = 0.003) compared with initial stages I/II. CONCLUSIONS: The sOX40 and s4-1BB-mediated T cell interactions may be involved in antitumor immune responses in GC, possibly favoring tumor escape and progression. Serum levels of sOX40 and s4-1BB are associated with staging in GC and may constitute biomarkers for prognosis, as well as potential targets for immunotherapy.

Analysis of Tissue Repair of a New Cement Based on Calcium and Strontium Aluminates: A Triple-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial in an Animal Model.

OBJECTIVE: The focus of this triple-blind randomized study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new root canal filling sealer (RCFS) based on tristrontium aluminate and dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate in living tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups: control (polyethylene), sealer (Bio-C Sealer, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and experimental (tristrontium aluminate and dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate). The tissues were analyzed under an optical microscope to assess different cellular events at different time intervals (7, 15, and 30 days). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (p < 0.05) tests. RESULTS: In the initial period, a moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed, similar between the endodontic cements groups (p = 0.725). The intensity of the infiltrate decreased with time, with no significant difference among the groups (p > 0.05). The number of young fibroblasts was elevated in all groups evaluated at 7 days. The experimental group showed the highest number of cells at all time intervals, but the difference with the sealer group at 7 (p = 0.001) and 15 days (p = 0.002) and the control group at 30 days was not significant (p = 0.001). Regarding tissue repair events, the amount of collagen fibers increased over the experimental intervals, with no significant difference between the sealer and control groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The experimental RCFS based on calcium and strontium aluminates proved to be biocompatible for use in close contact with periapical tissue, inducing a low inflammatory reaction and favoring rapid tissue repair.

Ankyloglossia and malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ankyloglossia is a congenital alteration that affects the tongue's mobility, influencing craniofacial development; however, its association with malocclusion is still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between ankyloglossia and malocclusion in patients. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies that investigated the association between malocclusion and the presence of ankyloglossia in any age group, used any assessment tool to diagnose ankyloglossia, and considered all types of malocclusion. The authors conducted searches in 8 electronic databases through July 1, 2022. They used Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools to assess the methodological quality and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Eleven studies (5 cross-sectional, 6 case-control) included 2,904 patients and over 13 occlusal alterations. The certainty of the evidence ranged from low through very low. Patients with Angle Class III malocclusion had similar or more inserted lingual frenula than patients with Class I malocclusion (standard mean difference, 0.37; 95% CI, -0.50 to 1.25) and Class II malocclusion (standard mean difference, 0.55; 95% CI, -0.52 to 1.63). Patients with Class III malocclusion had clinically significant increased mouth opening reduction compared with patients with Class I malocclusion (mean difference, 6.67; 95% CI, 4.01 to 9.33) and Class II malocclusion (mean difference, 5.04; 95% CI, 2.35 to 7.72) patients. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: There is uncertain evidence that ankyloglossia may be associated with the development of occlusal alterations. Ankyloglossia did not influence the Angle classification. Clinicians should closely follow children with ankyloglossia to evaluate whether this condition interferes with the occlusion. Future research should prospectively follow up on the long-term association between ankyloglossia and malocclusion. The protocol was registered a priori in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021248034). No amendments were deemed necessary after the registration of the protocol. Some subgroup analyses planned a priori were not possible, such as the severity of ankyloglossia, sex, and age, due to the lack of studies reporting data for these subgroups.

Oficinas multitemáticas: Estudantes como protagonistas na popularização da ciência em Feira de Santana -BA / Multi-thematic workshops: Students as protagonists in the popularization of science in Feira de Santana -BA / Talleresmultitemáticos: los estudiantes como protagonistas de la divulgación científica en Feira de Santana ­BA

Objetivo: estimular estudantes a serem protagonistas de ações que fomentassem na sua comunidade a popularização das ciências através de oficinas pedagógicas temáticas, colocando-os como construtores dos saberes, assim como, fortalecendo o papel extensionista da Universidade. Método:As atividades tiveram a participação de 80 alunos e foram desenvolvidas no Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCBIO) da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), pelos docentes do NUPEECBio, discentes e monitores. Foi realizada na SNCT (2019) com estudantes do Ensino Fundamental (6° e 7° ano) utilizando oficinas multitemáticas em Ciências. Após essa etapa, foram aplicados questionários e a avaliação qualitativa usando a Escala Likert para realizar uma avaliação qualitativa sobre a participação e adesão dos estudantes. Resultados:A análise dos dados em conjunto nos permitiu avaliar o grau de satisfação, percepção e cognição dos estudantes após cada oficina, demonstrando que as estratégias utilizadas foram exitosas. Conclusão:nessa experiência de interface Universidade e Escola básica, foi possível perceber a relevância da junção de atividades teóricas/práticas por meios de oficinas interdisciplinares no despertamento de curiosidade, motivação e receptividade dos estudantes.

Objective: to encourage students to take the lead in actions that would promote the popularization of science in their community through themed pedagogical workshops, placing them as builders of knowledge, as well as strengthening the university's extension role. Method: 80 students took part in the activities, which were carried out at the Department of Biological Sciences (DCBIO) of the State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS) by NUPEECBio teachers, students and monitors. It was held during SNCT (2019) with elementary school students (6th and 7th grade) using multi-thematic science workshops. After this stage, questionnaires and the Likert Scale were applied to carry out a qualitative assessment of student participation and adherence. Results:Analyzing the data together allowed us to assess the degree of satisfaction, perception and cognition of the students after each workshop, demonstrating that the strategies used were successful. Conclusion: in this experience of the interface between university and elementaryschool, it was possible to see the relevance of combining theoretical/practical activities through interdisciplinary workshops in arousing curiosity, motivation and receptivity in the students.

Objetivo: incentivar a los estudiantes a protagonizar acciones que promuevan la popularización de la ciencia en su comunidad a través de talleres educativos temáticos, convirtiéndolos en constructores de conocimiento y fortaleciendo el papel de extensión de la universidad. Método: 80 estudiantes participaron en las actividades, que se llevaron a cabo en el Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas (DCBIO) de la Universidad Estatal de Feira de Santana (UEFS) por profesores, estudiantes y monitores de NUPEECBio. Se llevó a cabo durante el SNCT (2019) con estudiantes de la escuela primaria (6º y 7º grado) utilizando talleres de ciencias multitemáticas. Después de esta etapa, se aplicaron cuestionarios y la Escala de Likert para llevar a cabo una evaluación cualitativa de la participación y la adhesión de los estudiantes. Resultados: El análisis conjunto de los datos nos permitió evaluar el grado de satisfacción, percepción y cognición de los alumnos luego de cada taller, demostrando que las estrategias utilizadas fueron exitosas. Conclusión: en esta experiencia de interfaz entre la universidad y la escuela primaria, fue posible constatar la importancia de la combinación de actividades teórico/prácticas a través de talleres interdisciplinares para despertar curiosidad, motivacióny receptividad en los alumnos.

Trilha Digital Gamificada: Relato de experiência de um trabalho colaborativo entre Universidade e Escola / Gamified Digital Trail: Experience report of collaborative work between University and School / Sendero Digital Gamificado: Informe de experiencia de trabajo colaborativo entre Universidad y Escuela

tendo como foco a criação de um recurso pedagógico digital inovador destinado a aprimorar o ensino de fisiologia humana na Escola Básica. Método:Trata-se de um relato de experiência, de caráter descritivo, acerca das vivências de professores da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana e de uma Escola Pública do Estado da Bahia, entre outubro de 2022 a outubro de 2023. As atividades foram organizadas em duas etapas interconectadas: 1) Realização de um Curso de formação de Educação à Distância (EaD) durante a Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (SNCT). 2) Elaboração de um material didático inovador envolvendo as tecnologias digitais educacionais, como produto final do Curso EaD realizado na SNCT. Resultados:Elaboração do jogo de tabuleiro, intitulado jogo de trilha gamificada denominada "Trilha Corpo Humano: Conhecer para Cuidar". Conclusão:A proposta desenvolvida no presente trabalho vislumbrou a inovação da prática pedagógica, por meio do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias educacionais, contribuindo para a melhoria do ensino na Escola.

Objective: To report the experience of integrating University and Primary School Teachers, focusing on the creation of an innovative digital pedagogical resource aimed at improving the teaching of human physiology in Primary Schools. Method:This is an experience report, of a descriptive nature, about the experiences of teachers at the State University of Feira de Santana and a Public School in the State of Bahia, between October 2022 and October 2023. The activities were organized in two interconnected stages: 1) Carrying out a Distance Education (EaD) training course during National Science and Technology Week (SNCT). 2) Creation of innovative teaching material involving digital educational technologies, as the final product of the Distance Learning Courseheld at SNCT. Results:Preparation of the board game, entitled gamified trail game called "Human Body Trail: Knowing to Care". Conclusion: The proposal developed in this work envisioned the innovation of pedagogical practice, through the development of new educational technologies, contributing to the improvement of teaching at School.

Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia de integración de Profesores Universitarios y de Educación Primaria, centrándose en la creación de un recurso pedagógico digital innovador orientado a mejorar la enseñanza de la fisiología humana en la Escuela Primaria. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia, de carácter descriptivo, sobre las vivencias de docentes de la Universidad Estatal de Feira de Santana y de una Escuela Pública del Estado de Bahía, entre octubre de 2022 y octubre de 2023. Las actividades se organizaron en dos espacios interconectados. etapas: 1) Realización de un curso de capacitación en Educación a Distancia (EaD) durante la Semana Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SNCT). 2) Desarrollo de material didáctico innovador que involucre tecnologías educativas digitales, como producto final del Curso a Distancia realizado en el SNCT. Resultados:Elaboración del juego de mesa, titulado Juego de Sendero gamificado denominado "Human Body Trail: Saber Cuidar". Conclusión:La propuesta desarrollada en este trabajo vislumbró la innovación de la práctica pedagógica, a través del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías educativas, contribuyendo a la mejora de la enseñanza en la Escuela.

Spatial Control of Arp2/3-Induced Actin Polymerization on Phase-Separated Giant Unilamellar Vesicles.

Deciphering the physical mechanisms underlying cell shape changes, while avoiding the cellular interior's complexity, involves the development of controlled basic biomimetic systems that imitate cell functions. In particular, the reconstruction of cytoskeletal dynamics on cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) has allowed for the reconstituting of some cell-like processes in vitro. In fact, such a bottom-up strategy could be the basis for forming protocells able to reorganize or even move autonomously. However, reconstituting the subtle and controlled dynamics of the cytoskeleton-membrane interface in vitro remains an experimental challenge. Taking advantage of the lipid-induced segregation of an actin polymerization activator, we present a system that targets actin polymerization in specific domains of phase-separated GUVs. We observe actin networks localized on Lo, Ld, or on both types of domains and the actin-induced deformation or reorganization of these domains. These results suggest that the system we have developed here could pave the way for future experiments further detailing the interplay between actin dynamics and membrane heterogeneities.

Chitosan-PEG Gels Loaded with Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. Ethanolic Extract: An Efficient and Effective Biomaterial in Hemorrhage Control.

A lack of control over blood loss can have catastrophic implications, including death. Although several hemostatic medications have been employed to reduce bleeding, a vast majority of them are ineffective, expensive, or pose health risks to the patient. To overcome these constraints, chitosan-polyethylene glycol (CS-PEG) hemostatic gels loaded with ethanolic extract of Jatropha mollissima sap (EES) were prepared and their hemostatic, physicochemical, and cytotoxic properties were evaluated. The gels were produced by mixing CS with PEG (an external plasticizer) and EES. The phytochemical analysis revealed a significant concentration of total polyphenols and tannins content in the extract and catechin was identified as one of the key compounds of EES. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of EES in the gels, as well as the chemical interaction between CS and PEG. The gels were thermally stable between 25 and 37 °C (ambient and human body temperature range), had pseudoplastic deformation behavior (rheological properties preserved after shearing), were simple to inject (compression force 30 N), and were biocompatible. In vivo experiments showed that both CS-PEG-EES gels exhibited greater hemostatic action in preventing tail hemorrhage in Wistar rats, with decreased bleeding time and blood weight compared with unloaded CS-PEG gels (control groups) and Hemostank, a commercial product. However, the gel prepared with acetic acid was more efficient in controlling bleeding. These findings reveal that CS-PEG-EES gels can reduce hemorrhages and are a potent, simple, and safe hemostatic agent.

Preparation and characterization of NaF/Chitosan supramolecular complex and their effects on prevention of enamel demineralization.

Fluoridated mouthrinse is indicated for individuals with high risk of caries. Chitosan (Chit) exhibits antibacterial properties, but little is known about its effects on enamel when combined with sodium fluoride (NaF) to form NaF/Chit supramolecular complexes. In our study, NaF/Chit supramolecular complexes structured as microparticles were synthetized and characterized, and their effects on human enamel were evaluated after cariogenic challenge simulating the daily mouthrinse use. Initially, NaF/Chit complex formation was investigated based on several titrations by measuring the zeta potential, electrical conductivity (κ), hydrodynamic diameter (Dh), viscosity (η) and heat flow (by isothermal titration calorimetry) against the molar ratio [NaF]/[Chitmonomer], which allowed us to identify the interactions between Chit-NaF with a stoichiometry of approximately 0.68. Spontaneous microparticle formation was observed. Samples of enamel blocks were prepared and divided into eight groups (n = 10/group): (i) 0.2% Chit; (ii) 0.2% NaF; (iii) 0.2% NaF/Chit suspension; (iv) 0.2% acetic acid; (v) 0.05% Chit; (vi) 0.05% NaF; (vii) 0.05% NaF/Chit suspension; and (viii) 0.05% acetic acid. Cariogenic challenge was performed in each sample by cycling in demineralization and remineralization solutions for 7 days. Before each demineralization cycle, the corresponding substances were passively applied daily for 90 s, even in groups with 0.02% concentration. After 7 days, samples were examined for Knoop hardness (KHN) measurements. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The 0.2% NaF and 0.2% NaF/Chit groups showed higher KHNpost-challenge values than the other groups. The 0.2% NaF/Chit microparticle suspension reduced the enamel hardness loss after cariogenic challenge as effectively as the 0.2% NaF solution and demonstrated potential for use in a formulation with anti-caries effects.

Synthesis of films based on chitosan and protic ionic liquids to be used as wound dressing on the oral mucosa.

Oral mucosal ulcerations expose connective tissue to different pathogens and this can progress to systemic infection. This study aimed to synthesize environmentally-friendly films with chitosan and protic ionic liquids, possessing mucoadhesive properties, activity against opportunistic microorganisms, enhanced malleability and mechanical resistance to be used as a wound dressing on the oral mucosa. Therefore, films with chitosan and 10, 35, and 50 % (wt/wt) of 2-hydroxy diethylammonium lactate, salicylate, and maleate protic ionic liquids were synthesized. Thickness measurements and mechanical properties analysis were performed. In addition, oral mucoadhesion, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity properties were investigated. Results showed that the addition of 35wt% and 50wt% of all kinds of protic ionic liquids tested presented significant improvements in film thickness and mechanical properties. Films based on chitosan and the protic ionic liquid 2-hydroxy diethylammonium salicylate at percentages of 35 and 50wt% exhibited superior mucoadhesive properties, antimicrobial activity on opportunistic microorganisms and an improvement in their flexibility after immersion in synthetic saliva. Cytotoxicity results suggest that all kinds of chitosan/protic ionic liquids films tested are safe for intra-oral use. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that these materials could be good candidates for efficient and environmentally-friendly wound dressing films on the oral mucosa.

Comparison of the reproducibility of two cervical vertebrae maturation methods

Aim: Facial orthopaedic treatments based on the stimulation or restrictions of craniofacial bone growth are more effective when carried out during the pubertal growth spurt. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the reproducibility of two cervical vertebrae methods (CVM) with manual tracing and direct visual inspection. Methods: A sample of 60 lateral cephalometric radiographs (10 of each of the 6 CVM stages) was randomly selected from 171 records. 5 orthodontists classified these radiographs according to the skeletal maturation stage in 2002 and 2005, and the application of both methods was conducted by direct visual inspection and evaluation through manual tracing. Results: The average reliability of the two methods determination and the two forms of evaluation was substantial. The direct visual inspection evaluation showed the highest reliability and agreement interexaminer values for both methods, as well as the intraexaminers evaluation. Conclusion: The reproducibility of CVM method was substantial, indicating its clinical use to determine the skeletal maturity and the ideal moment for treatment execution

Produção e uso de filtros de água com carvão ativado derivado de matérias sustentáveis / Production and use of water filters with activated carbon derived from sustainable materials

Objetivo: avaliar a eficiência de filtros de tratamento de água, usando carvão ativado de diferentes fontes de resíduo de biomassa. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo experimental, descritivo, de caráter quantitativo, realizado no Centro Universitário Católica de Quixadá, Ceará-Brasil, durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2018. Foram preparados filtros de carvão ativados e, posteriomente, sua eficiência no tratamento de água foi avaliada. Resíduos de descarte de madeira, a entrecasca do coco verde, a casca do fruto do caju e do colmo de bambu foram usados como fonte de matéria-prima. O filtro de tratamento de água foi montado, usando o método coluna de cromatografia, adicionando areia e algodão como outros meios filtrantes. Parâmentros físico-químicos foram utilizados na avaliação da eficiência dos filtros construídos. Resultados: a análise de componente principal selecionou dois componentes da qualidade de água, explicando 80,081% da variância total. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética de r=0.9572 indica que o dendograma estimado foi bom, considerando os parâmetros de qualidade da água. Entre os filtros, o bambu apresentou-se como melhor resposta entre filtros testados, sendo responsável pela redução de diversos fatores como cor, turbidez, dureza total e sódio. Conclusão: os fitros de carvão ativado derivado do descarte de madeira e da entrecasca do fruto do caju obtiveram pouca influência na melhoria da qualidade da água, em relação à amostra controle.

Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of water treatment filters using activated carbon from different sources of biomass residue. Methods: this is a descriptive experimental study of a quantitative nature carried out at the Centro Universitário Católica de Quixadá, Ceará-Brazil, during the period from January to June 2018. Activated carbon filters were prepared, and subsequently, their efficiency in water treatment was evaluated. Wood waste, green coconut husk, cashew nut shell, and bamboo stem were used as a source of raw material. The water treatment filter was assembled using the column chromatography method by adding sand and cotton as other filter media. Physicochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficiency of the built filters. Results: principal component analysis selected two water quality components, explaining 80.081% of the total variance. The cophenetic correlation coefficient of r=0.9572 indicates that the estimated dendrogram was good, considering the water quality parameters. Among the filters, bamboo showed the best response among the filters tested, being responsible for the reduction of several factors such as color, turbidity, total hardness, and sodium. Conclusion: activated carbon filters derived from discarded wood and cashew nut shells had little influence on improving water quality compared to the control sample.

Studying actin-induced cell shape changes using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles and reconstituted actin networks.

Cell shape changes that are fuelled by the dynamics of the actomyosin cytoskeleton control cellular processes such as motility and division. However, the mechanisms of interplay between cell membranes and actomyosin are complicated to decipher in the complex environment of the cytoplasm. Using biomimetic systems offers an alternative approach to studying cell shape changes in assays with controlled biochemical composition. Biomimetic systems allow quantitative experiments that can help to build physical models describing the processes of cell shape changes. This article reviews works in which actin networks are reconstructed inside or outside cell-sized Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), which are models of cell membranes. We show how various actin networks affect the shape and mechanics of GUVs and how some cell shape changes can be reproduced in vitro using these minimal systems.

Which self-etch acidic composition may result in higher dental bonds at the long-term? A network meta-analysis review of in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVES: This review evaluated the effects of the acidic composition of self-etch (SE) adhesives at the long-term bond strengths to dentin and enamel. DATA: The review followed the PRISMA Extension Statement for network meta-analysis. Studies were identified by a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. STUDY SELECTION: The inclusion criteria were in vitro studies that evaluated bond strength data of samples analyzed at both immediate and long-term (after aging simulation) periods and that were bonded to sound dentin/enamel using SE adhesives, with at least one group of adhesives being based on 10-MDP (10-methacryloyloxy-decyl-dihydrogen-phosphate; control) and the other group being comprised of alternative acidic monomers. Statistical analyses were conducted using two methods: standard pairwise meta-analysis (SPMA) and Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA). Heterogeneity was assessed by using the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics. RESULTS: From 5220 studies identified, 87 met the eligibility criteria and 83 were meta-analyzed. Seventeen adhesives were based on 10-MDP and 44 systems were based on alternative acids. The resin-dentin/enamel bonds were predominantly reduced after aging (∼84% of cases). From the SPMA findings, the following acidic compositions showed lower bond strength values (effect size: mean difference [MD] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI]) than 10-MDP: 4-META (MD -4.99, 95% CI: -7.21, -2.78; p<0.001); sulfonic acids (MD -9.59, 95% CI -12.19, -6.98; p<0.001); unspecified phosphate esters (MD -8.89, 95% CI -17.50, -0.28; p = 0.04); or mixed acids (MD -11.0, 95% CI -13.62, -8.38; p<0.001). The dental bonds were benefited from the presence of 10-MDP upon longer aging (>6 months). From the NMA probabilistic findings, adhesives based on 10-MDP and phosphonic acids ranked as having the best and the worst bonding potential to dentin, respectively. More than one composition (phosphonic acids and mixed acids) ranked similarly to 10-MDP in enamel. The studies scored as having moderate risk of bias (58.6%), followed by low (39.1%) and high (2.3%) risk of bias. CONCLUSION: 10-MDP is an outstanding acidic monomer that contributes to higher bonds to dentin at the long-term. In enamel, there is no evidence that one acidic composition prevails over the other. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The acidic composition of SE adhesives affects the resistance of dental bonds after simulated aging, with 10-MDP playing a significant role in the adhesion to dentin but not to the enamel. REGISTRATION NUMBER: This report is registered at the Open Science Framework (osf.io/urtdf).

High soluble OX40 levels correlate with metastatic gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies demonstrated an association between OX40+T cell expression with poor prognosis in gastric cancer (GC). The soluble form of OX40 (sOX40) could block the interactions between OX40 on the effector T cell, and it is a ligand (OX40L) in dendritic cells. However, the role of sOX40 as a pretreating biomarker and prognostic predictor remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association of levels of sOX40 and sOX40L with disease progression in GC. METHODS: Between 2017 and 2018, a cross-sectional study was performed on 83 GC patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS: Among 83 GC patients (median of 63 years), 32.4% of patients with I/II stages, 42.3% III, and 25.3% in IV stages. Metastatic GC patients had significantly higher levels of soluble OX40 compared with stage III (p = 0.0003) and early stages I and II patients (p = 0.005). There was no significant differences in the sOX40 and sOX40L levels between Lauren's histological subtype (intestinal, diffuse, and mixed). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that soluble OX40 levels have an essential role in GC progression. OX40 molecules may constitute a predictor for poor prognosis and a potential target for immunotherapy in GC.

Unbalanced expression of sICOS and sPD-1 correlates with tumor progression in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: T cells are central in antitumor immunity in gastric cancer (GC). The inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) is a T cell receptor that primarily transmits positive signals for T cell activation and is associated with poor prognosis in GC. In contrast, the costimulatory molecule programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor related to tumor immune escape. This study aimed to analyze soluble sites and sPD-1 levels in GC. METHODS: This study enrolled 83 GC patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS: The median survival time was 23.22 months in the GC patients. Low levels of sPD-1 and sICOS in GC patients compared to the control group (p = 0.003; p < 0.0001, respectively). High sPD-1 levels in stage IV patients compared to I/II and III stages groups (p = 0.008 and p = 0.0004, respectively). GC patients with stages I and II had higher levels of sICOS compared to III and IV stages (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.02, respectively). There were no significant differences in sPD-1 and sICOS levels between Lauren subtypes. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a predominance of inhibitory costimulatory signals in advanced stages of GC, facilitating tumor immune escape, as the opposite occurs in early stages, resulting in an effective antitumor T-cell-mediated immune response.

Evaluation of platelet activation marker expression and its correlation with tumorigenesis and tumor progression in patients with gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gastric cancer (GC) remains responsible for over one million new cases in 2020. Activated platelets express the CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD62P in the cytoplasmic membrane, and interaction with the vascular endothelium can induce the production of tumor growth factors and metastases. We aimed to characterize the soluble levels of sCD40L and sCD62P in GC patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 83 GC patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS: High levels of sCD40L were obtained in GC patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.003) and in the I/II compared with III and IV stages (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively). Low levels of sCD62P in the GC patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.009). High soluble levels of sCD62P in I/II compared with III and IV stages (p = 0.002 and p = 0.01, respectively). There are no significant differences in the levels of sCD40L and sCD62P were observed between intestinal, diffuse, and mixed types. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that sCD40L and sCD62P molecules may be predictive biomarkers since the increase in plasma levels was associated with disease progression and metastasis in GC. In addition, the serum sCD40L and sCD62P can potentially be used as an indicator of response to anticancer therapy.

Lightweight Design of Variable-Stiffness Cylinders with Reduced Imperfection Sensitivity Enabled by Continuous Tow Shearing and Machine Learning.

The present study investigates how to apply continuous tow shearing (CTS) in a manufacturable design parameterization to obtain reduced imperfection sensitivity in lightweight, cylindrical shell designs. The asymptotic nonlinear method developed by Koiter is applied to predict the post-buckled stiffness, whose index is constrained to be positive in the optimal design, together with a minimum design load. The performance of three machine learning methods, namely, Support Vector Machine, Kriging, and Random Forest, are compared as drivers to the optimization towards lightweight designs. The new methodology consists of contributions in the areas of problem modeling, the selection of machine learning strategies, and an optimization formulation that results in optimal designs around the compromise frontier between mass and stiffness. The proposed ML-based framework proved to be able to solve the inverse problem for which a target design load is given as input, returning as output lightweight designs with reduced imperfection sensitivity. The results obtained are compatible with the existing literature where hoop-oriented reinforcements were added to obtain reduced imperfection sensitivity in composite cylinders.

Possible Relationship Between the Oral and Gut Microbiome, Caries Development, and Obesity in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought health damage and socioeconomic disruptions, together with lifestyle disorders around the world. Children are one of the most commonly affected, mainly due to social isolation and changes in eating habits and physical activities. This way, the risk of weight gain and obesity is possibly enhanced, as well as poor oral hygiene conditions and early childhood caries (ECC) development during the lockdown. In children under 6 years of age, ECC is defined as carious lesions in one or more primary teeth, with or without cavitation. Importantly, alterations in the oral microbiome caused by changes in children lifestyles have much more than a local impact on oral tissues, interplaying with the gut microbiome and influencing systemic environments. Recent studies have been exploring the oral health conditions, eating habits, and weight gain in the childhood population during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, there is a lack of information concerning the association among oral and gut microbiome, dental caries, and obesity in the COVID-19 era. In this context, this review aimed at analyzing a possible relationship between the oral and gut microbiome, caries, and obesity in children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Distribution of anxiety and depression among different subtypes of temporomandibular disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The evidence on the relationship between anxiety and depression and patients with distinct subtypes of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is uncertain, so a thorough review study on the topic is still missing. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review investigated the distribution and severity of anxiety and depression in patients diagnosed with different subtypes of TMD. METHODS: The study is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020150562) and it followed the PRISMA 2020 Statement. We searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO databases (last search: 12 March 2021) and the reference list from the included studies. Study eligibility criteria consisted of: (i) patients diagnosed with TMD using the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/TMD) or Diagnostic Criteria (DC/TMD) instruments; (ii) assessment of anxiety and/or depression with validated psychological instruments and (iii) allocation of patients into a minimum of two distinct TMD subtypes with at least one group having myofascial pain (comparison group). Analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.3.5 statistical package and random- or fixed-effects models (α = 0.05). The quality of evidence was assessed based on review authors' judgment derived from a 10-item appraisal tool for prevalence studies and with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: Of the 4086 records identified in total, 24 were eligible for inclusion; meta-analyses were conducted with 20 studies. In total, 3678 subjects were included in the review. Most of the studies found that patients with myofascial pain showed similar occurrence and severity of anxiety/depression as compared to other subtypes of TMD, although the average prevalence seemed to be higher among the diagnoses consisting of myofascial pain (muscular TMD). Despite the moderate-to-high heterogeneity, anxiety and depression were more frequently distributed within patients with myofascial pain (p = .001). TMD patients without myofascial pain presented less severe levels of anxiety and depression than patients with only myofascial pain (p ≤ .01). The type of psychological instrument seems to affect the assessment of both anxiety and depression emotional states. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review suggest that patients with myofascial pain are more anxious and more depressed than patients with other subtypes of TMD. IMPLICATIONS: Considering that anxiety and depression are differently distributed within the TMD population, a proper assessment of the psychological state of patients seems essential to offer an adequate treatment and management of each specific subtype of TMD.