ABSTRACT
Toxocariasis, a natural helminth infection of dogs and cats caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, respectively, that are transmitted to mammals, including humans. Infection control is based currently on periodic antihelmintic treatment and there is a need for the development of vaccines to prevent this infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight potential vaccine candidate T. canis recombinant proteins were identified by in silico (rTcGPRs, rTcCad, rTcVcan, rTcCyst) and larval proteomics (rTES26, rTES32, rMUC-3 and rCTL-4) analyses. Immunogenicity and protection against infectious challenge for seven of these antigens were determined in a murine model of toxocariasis. C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with each of or combinations of recombinant antigens prior to challenge with 500 T. canis embryonated eggs. Levels of specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE) in sera and cytokines (IL-5, INF-ɣ and IL-10) produced by antigens-stimulated splenocytes, were measured. Presence of specific antibodies to the molecules was measured in sera of T. canis-seropositive dogs and humans. RESULTS: All seven molecules were immunogenic in immunized mice; all stimulated significantly elevated levels of specific IgG, IgG1 or IgG2a and six were associated with elevated levels of specific IgE; all induced elevated production of IFN- ɣ and IL-10 by splenocytes, but only the in silico-identified membrane-associated recombinants (rTcCad, rTcVcan, and rTcCyst) induced significantly increased IL-5 production. Vaccination with two of the latter (rTcCad and rTcVcan) reduced larval loads in the T. canis challenged mice by 54.3% and 53.9% (P < 0.0001), respectively, compared to unimmunized controls. All seven recombinants were recognized by T. canis-seropositive dog and human sera. CONCLUSION: The identification of vaccine targets by in silico analysis was an effective strategy to identify immunogenic T. canis proteins capable of reducing larval burdens following challenge with the parasite. Two recombinant proteins, rTcCad and rTcVcan, were identified as promising vaccine candidates for canine toxocariasis.