Tracing individuals and populations of the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818), from Brazilian hatcheries using microsatellite markers.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, tracing of alimentary produce of animal origin has become increasingly important, for economic, food safety and ecological reasons. The tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is the native fish most farmed in Brazil. The reliable identification of the origin of tambaquis (wild or farmed) offered for sale to the general public has become necessary to satisfy regulatory norms and uphold consumer confidence. Molecular methods based on the analysis of DNA sequences have often been used to evaluate the potential for tracing farmed fish, given their reliability and precision. RESULTS: Full likelihood and Bayesian approaches proved to be the most efficient for the identification, respectively, of individuals and populations for most of the fish sampled from seven hatcheries and one wild stock. The exclusion method and genetic distances were the least effective approaches for the identification of individuals and populations. The Bayesian method identified correctly more than 99% of the fry from most stocks, except those of the Santarém hatchery and River Amazon wild stock, which presented the best results for individual identification. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of populations was effective for most hatcheries, although the identification of individuals from most stocks was hampered by the reduced genetic variability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1 and SLCO2B1 polymorphisms influences chloroquine and primaquine treatment in Plasmodium vivax malaria.

AIM: The association of transporters gene polymorphisms with chloroquine/primaquine malaria treatment response was investigated in a Brazilian population. PATIENTS & METHODS: Totally, 164 Plasmodium vivax malaria infected patients were included. Generalized estimating equations were performed to determine gene influences on parasitemia and/or gametocytemia clearance over treatment time. RESULTS: Significant interaction between SLCO2B1 genotypes and treatment over time for parasitemia clearance rate on day 2 were observed (p FDR = 0.002). SLCO1A2 and SLCO1B1 gene treatment over time interactions were associated with gametocytemia clearance rate (p FDR = 0.018 and p FDR = 0.024). ABCB1, ABCC4 and SLCO1B3 were not associated with treatment response. CONCLUSION: The present work presents the first pharmacogenetic report of an association between chloroquine/primaquine responses with OATP transporters.

The effect of SNPs in CYP450 in chloroquine/primaquine Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment.

BACKGROUND: Chloroquine/primaquine is the current therapy to eliminate Plasmodium vivax infection in the Amazon region. AIMS: This study investigates CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms influence on cloroquine/primaquine treatment. PATIENTS & METHODS: Generalized estimating equations analyses were performed to determine the genetic influence in parasitemia and/or gametocytemia clearance over treatment time in 164 patients. RESULTS: An effect of CYP2C8 low-activity alleles on treatment was observed (p = 0.01). From baseline to first day of treatment, wild-type individuals achieved greater reduction of gametocytes than low-activity allele carriers. CYP2C9 and CYP3A5 genes showed a trend for gametocytemia and parasitemia clearance rates. CONCLUSION: Future studies should be performed to access the extent of CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms influence on cloroquine/primaquine treatment.

Frequency of the Q192R and L55M polymorphisms of the human serum paraoxonase gene (PON1) in ten Amazonian Amerindian tribes

Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) is an esterase associated with high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma and may confer protection against coronary artery disease. Serum PON1 levels and activity vary widely among individuals and populations of different ethnic groups, such variations appearing to be related to two coding region polymorphisms (L55M and Q192R). Several independent studies have indicated that the polymorphism at codon 192 (the R form) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in some populations, although this association has not been confirmed in other populations. Given the possible associations of these mutations with heart diseases and the fact that little or nothing is known of their prevalence in Amerindian populations, we investigated the variability of both polymorphisms in ten Amazonian Indian tribes and compared the variation found with that of other Asian populations in which both polymorphisms have been investigated. The results show that the LR haplotype is the most frequent and the MR haplotype is absent in all Amerindians and Asian populations. We also found that South America Amerindians present the highest frequency of the PON1192*R allele (considered a significant risk factor for heart diseases in some populations) of all the Amerindian and Asian populations so far studied.

Heterogeneity of Y chromosome markers among Brazilian Amerindians.

The allele frequency distribution of DYS19 and DYS199 loci were analyzed in 59 Brazilian Amerindians from five tribes from the Amazon region (Zoé, Awá-Guajá, Urubú-Kaapór, Katuena, and Kayapó, Xikrin of Bacajá village). Three different alleles of the DYS19 microsatellite (182-bp, 186-bp, and 190-bp) were found at average frequencies of 0.08, 0.85, and 0.07, respectively. The DYS199-T allele was identified in 78% of the Amerindians studied (43/55), the frequencies varying from 0.46-0.93. Four different haplotypes were found, the combination DYS19-186/DYS199-T being the most common (average frequency of 0.65), followed by DYS19-186/DYS199-C with an average frequency of 0.22. These four haplotypes have been found in five other Brazilian tribes, and most of them were also identified in Native populations from South, Central and North America. The observed variability at the DYS19 microsatellite is probably due to forward or back mutations from the putative ancestral 186-bp allele, since the mutation rate of this locus is high and the post-Columbian admixture of the Brazilian tribes studied is very low or undetectable to explain these data. On the other hand, the DYS19/DYS199 haplotype distribution may suggest that the two most common haplotypes (186-bp/T and 186-bp/C) were present among the population(s) that peopled the New World. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:481-487, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.