ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amnesia, though non-memory-cognitive domains like visual are also affected. We planned to study frequency of visual dysfunctions in AD and their relationship with dementia severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in the Cognitive clinic of Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, between January 2007 and December 2010. 55 patients of AD were evaluated by neurological and neuropsychological assessments and by special tests for visual dysfunctions. RESULTS: Common visual dysfunctions were visuo-constructional (87.3%), visuo-perceptual (63.6%), object agnosia(47.3%), prosopagnosia (45.5%), visual hallucination (27.3%) and simultanagnosia (12.7%). Symptoms of ventral visual pathway dysfunction were more common than that of dorsal pathway. MMSE score and number of visual manifestations had a good correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Visual dysfunctions are common in AD, elicitation of which helps us to understand the cause of disability so that appropriate steps can be taken.
Subject(s)
Agnosia/complications , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Hallucinations/complications , Prosopagnosia/complications , Visual Perception/physiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Agnosia/physiopathology , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disability Evaluation , Female , Hallucinations/physiopathology , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Prosopagnosia/physiopathology , Visual Pathways/physiopathologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Flaccid quadriparesis is a common neurological problem. Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), and hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) constitute the majority of cases of flaccid quadriparesis. Few patients from any of these disease groups lack the cardinal clinical features. We established clinical marker(s) that might have significant discriminating power for diagnosis. METHODS: Forty-six patients satisfied all of our criteria. Cases were evaluated clinically followed by laboratory and electrophysiological study, and, in selected cases, muscle histopathology. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients had GBS, 9 had MG, 7 had PM/DM, and 6 had HPP. Jaw-opening weakness was found in 71.4% of PM/DM, 83.3% of HPP, and 4.1% of GBS cases. Jaw-closing weakness was found in 88.8% of MG cases. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of jaw-closing weakness pointed toward MG, whereas presence of jaw-opening weakness suggested muscle disease (PM/DM and HPP). GBS patients very rarely had jaw muscle weakness.
Subject(s)
Masseter Muscle/physiopathology , Muscle Weakness/diagnosis , Muscle Weakness/etiology , Neuromuscular Diseases/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Dermatomyositis/complications , Dermatomyositis/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/complications , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/diagnosis , Humans , Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis/complications , Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle Weakness/physiopathology , Myasthenia Gravis/complications , Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis , Neuromuscular Diseases/complications , Neuromuscular Diseases/physiopathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Quadriplegia/diagnosis , Quadriplegia/etiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The association of hyperglycaemia and weight gain with the use of atypical antipsychotics has been documented. However, there is still not enough data from India. The fact that Indian patients usually have a lower body weight compared to European and American counterparts makes it difficult to extrapolate available data to the Indian context. The purpose of this study is: (a) To compare the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine with those taking typical antipsychotics, and (b) to follow-up non-diabetic, non-obese schizophrenics on a stable regimen of antipsychotic monotherapy and determine the proportion of patients who develop weight gain, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance; comparing the effects of olanzapine versus typical antipsychotics. Fifty-five schizophrenic patients attending psychiatry outpatients' department and on stable antipsychotic monotherapy for at least 6 weeks were included in the study. Those with a family or personal history of diabetes were excluded. There were 28 cases on olanzapine and 27 on either haloperidol or trifluoperazine. Fasting blood glucose estimation and body-mass Index (BMI) were recorded at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 12 weeks. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, genderwise composition, and duration of illness. There was no significant difference in baseline glycaemic status or BMI. At the end of 12 weeks, olanzapine was not associated with any significant change in body weight, BMI or plasma fasting glucose. Duration of use of antipsychotic emerged as the only statistically significant risk factor for developing hyperglycaemia across both groups.