ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Preventing intimate partner violence or dating violence (DV) among adolescents is a public health priority due to its magnitude and damaging short and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult health. In our study protocol, we complement prior experiences in DV prevention by promoting protective factors (or assets) against gender violence such as communication skills, empathy and problem-solving capability through "Cinema Voice", a participatory educational intervention based on adolescents' strengths to tackle DV. METHODS/DESIGN: A longitudinal quasi-experimental educational intervention addressed to boys and girls ages 13-17 years, enrolled in secondary education schools in Alicante (Spain), Rome (Italy), Cardiff (UK), Iasi (Romania), Poznan (Poland) and Matosinhos (Portugal). Both process and results evaluations will be carried out with 100-120 intervention and 120-150 control group students per city at three time periods: before, after and 6 months after the implementation of the following interventions: 1) Training seminar with teachers to promote knowledge and skills on the core issues of intervention; 2) Workshops with intervention groups, where participants produce their own digital content presenting their perspective on DV; and 3) Short film exhibitions with participants, their families, authorities and other stakeholders with the objective of share the results and engage the community. Outcome measures are self-perceived social support, machismo, sexism, tolerance towards gender violence, social problem-solving and assertiveness as well as involvement in bullying/cyberbullying. Other socio-demographic, attitudes and violence-related co-variables were also included. DISCUSSION: This study may provide relevant information about the effectiveness of educational interventions that combine a positive youth development framework with educational awareness about the importance of achieving gender equality and preventing and combating gender violence. To our knowledge, this is the first study that involves six European countries in an educational intervention to promote violence protective assets among enrolled adolescents in secondary schools. This study may provide the needed tools to replicate the experience in other contexts and other countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03411564 . Unique Protocol ID: 776905. Date registered: 18-01-2018.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Curriculum , Intimate Partner Violence/prevention & control , Schools , Adolescent , Attitude , Awareness , Courtship , Empathy , Europe , Female , Humans , Italy , Male , Motion Pictures , Poland , Portugal , Protective Factors , Research Design , Romania , Rome , Sexism , Social SkillsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Spain's financial crisis has been characterized by an increase in unemployment. This increase could have produced an increase in deaths of women due to intimate partner-related femicides (IPF). This study aims to determine whether the increase in unemployment among both sexes in different regions in Spain is related to an increase in the rates of IPF during the current financial crisis period. METHODS: An ecological longitudinal study was carried out in Spain's 17 regions. Two study periods were defined: pre-crisis period (2005-2007) and crisis period (2008-2013). IPF rates adjusted by age and unemployment rates for men and women were calculated. We fitted multilevel linear regression models in which observations at level 1 were nested within regions according to a repeated measurements design. RESULTS: Rates of unemployment have progressively increased in Spain, rising above 20 % from 2008 to 2013 in some regions. IPF rates decreased in some regions during crisis period with respect to pre-crisis period. The multilevel analysis does not support the existence of a significant relationship between the increase in unemployment in men and women and the decrease in IPF since 2008. DISCUSSION: The increase in unemployment in men and women in Spain does not appear to have an effect on IPF. The results of the multilevel analysis discard the hypothesis that the increase in the rates of unemployment in women and men are related to an increase in IPF rates. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in IPF since 2008 might be interpreted as the result of exposure to other factors such as the lower frequency of divorces in recent years or the medium term effects of the integral protection measures of the law on gender violence that began in 2005.
Subject(s)
Economic Recession , Homicide , Interpersonal Relations , Sexual Partners , Unemployment , Violence , Adult , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Multilevel Analysis , Spain , Unemployment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Factors explaining disparities in risk of substance use between immigrants and natives and between immigrant subgroups are poorly understood. We aimed to describe such disparities and identify some explanatory factors in Spain. METHODS: Participants were residents aged 15-64 years from 2005 to 07 nationally representative surveys. Outcomes were prevalences of alcohol, tobacco, sedative-hypnotics, cannabis and other illegal substance use. Immigrants were recent if <5 years of Spanish stay and long term if ≥10 years. Country-of-origin income per capita and population level of substance use were taken from international databases. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and percent change from Poisson regression with robust variance were used to estimate risk disparities and effects of immigration variables. RESULTS: Most immigrants had lower substance use than natives, although it generally increased with increasing Spanish stay, especially for illegal substances. This lower risk could be partially explained by country-of-origin contextual factors as a lower level of income or substance use and religious or cultural factors such as Islam. By origin, recent immigrant aPRs and convergence-divergence risk patterns were, respectively, as follows: lower aPRs with upward convergence (often incomplete) toward natives' risk in immigrants from Muslim area, Eastern-Europe and Latin-America excluding South-Cone, lower/similar aPRs with upward overtaking or divergent patterns in South-Cone Americans and similar/higher aPRs with stable or upward divergent patterns in Non-Eastern-Europeans. CONCLUSION: Spain is a host context that seems to facilitate increased substance use among immigrants, even those from countries with prevalences close to Spain. However, country-of-origin context is important in explaining disparities in substance use among immigrants.
Subject(s)
Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Alcoholism/ethnology , Female , Health Status Disparities , Humans , Illicit Drugs , Male , Middle Aged , Poisson Distribution , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Smoking/ethnology , Spain/epidemiology , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción: La salud bucodental es parte fundamental de la salud infantil. Para asegurarla, se precisa instaurar precozmente y mantener hábitos saludables como revisiones periódicas, cepillado dental correcto frecuente y dieta no cariogénica. Se investiga la prevalencia de dichos hábitos en niños españoles según estratos de edad (preescolar: 2-5 años y escolar: 6-15 años) y nivel de estudios maternos. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, basado en la última Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España (2006). Muestra representativa de 8.042 sujetos (2-15 años). Resultados: El 47,35% refiere haber acudido a los servicios dentales en el último año y el 69,09% alguna vez en su vida. El 22,68% se cepilla diariamente los dientes 3 o más veces y el 89,03% refiere ingerir una dieta de riesgo cariogénico. En el grupo escolar (6-15 años) el 29,87% de los hijos de madres universitarias se cepilla los dientes 3 o más veces frente al 25,83 y 20,89% de los de madres con estudios secundarios y hasta primarios respectivamente. Para la ingesta de dieta de riesgo cariogénico los porcentajes son 87,05; 91,11 y 90,44%. En ambos grupos etarios, y exceptuando la ingesta de dulces, existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de estudios maternos y los hábitos saludables. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de estos hábitos saludables se aleja de las recomendaciones: menor uso de servicios y frecuencia de cepillado dental diario y alta ingesta de dieta de riesgo cariogénico. En ambos grupos de edad los resultados son más favorables cuando los estudios maternos son universitarios lo que puede servir para orientar las actividades de promoción de la salud(AU)
Introduction: Oral health is integral to children's health. To achieve this, it is essential establishing healthy habits early on them, such as regular check-ups, proper and frequent tooth brushing and a non-cariogenic diet. Prevalence of these habits are investigated in Spanish children by age group (pre-school: 2-5 years and school: 6-15 years) and by maternal educational level. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, based on the last Spanish National Health Survey (2006). A representative sample of 8042 subjects (2-15 years) was obtained. Results: A total of 47.35% reported having gone to dental services during the last year and 69.09% having gone sometime during their lives. Only 22.68% of the sample reported daily tooth brushing three times or more and 89.03% reported eating a cariogenic risk diet. In the school group (6-15 years) 29.87% of children whose mothers were university level brushed their teeth three times or more compared to 25.83% and 20.89% of those whose mothers had secondary and even primary studies respectively. For the intake of cariogenic risk diet, the percentages were 87.05%, 91.11% and 90.44%. In both age groups, and except for the consumption of sweets, there was a statistically significant association between maternal educational level and healthy habits. Conclusions: The prevalence of these healthy habits is far lower than the recommendations: a lower use of services and a lower frequency of daily tooth brushing and higher intake of a cariogenic risk diet. The outcomes are more favourable in both age groups when the mother are university level, wich may serve as a guide to the promotion of oral health(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Oral Hygiene Index , Oral Health , Toothbrushing/statistics & numerical data , Health Education, Dental/trends , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Diet, Cariogenic , Health PromotionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this project is to set up and assess a pilot model to help increase the cure rate in the mobile immigrant population with Tuberculosis. A model of information transfer is proposed. This is based on successful experiences in other countries. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study. POPULATION: The cases will be collected through participating hospitals in the REUMT network (Spanish Network of Tropical Medicine Units): Hospital Central de Defensa (Madrid); Hospital de la Fe (Valencia); Hospital del INGESA de Melilla (Melilla); Hospital del INGESA de Ceuta (Ceuta); Hospital Son Dureta (Mallorca), as well as through hospitals in Nador, Tetuan, and Tangier and Immigrants' Reception Centres (CETI) in Ceuta, Melilla, and Fuerteventura. In recent years, tuberculosis in these hospitals has been estimated at about 250 cases. METHOD: To set up the project, 4 items are needed: a) registration form; b) extensible identification card; c) telephone, and d) data base. The coordination of the project and collection of information will be centralised at the National Centre of Tropical Medicine, which is also the coordinator of the REUMT network. INFORMATION ANALYSIS: A statistical analysis of the data base will be run, first descriptive and then bivariate. To assess the intervention, indicators marking the process and results will be collected.
Subject(s)
Emigration and Immigration , Information Services , Tuberculosis/therapy , Humans , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , SpainABSTRACT
Objetivo. El objetivo principal del presente proyecto es pilotar y evaluar un modelo que ayude a incrementar la tasa de curación en la población inmigrante móvil enferma de tuberculosis. Para ello se propone un sistema de transferencia de información basado en experiencias que previamente se han desarrollado con éxito en otros países. Diseño. Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, poblacional. Emplazamiento. Un grupo de hospitales de la Red-REUMT (Red de Unidades Hospitalarias de Medicina Tropical): Hospital Central de Defensa (Madrid); Hospital de la Fe (Valencia); Hospital del INGESA de Melilla (Melilla); Hospital del INGESA de Ceuta (Ceuta); Hospital Son Dureta (Mallorca), así como en los Hospitales de Nador, Tetuán y Tánger y en los centros de estancia temporal de inmigrantes (CETI) de Ceuta, Melilla y Fuerteventura. Participantes. Población inmigrante móvil enferma de tuberculosis (250 pacientes). Metodología. Se utilizará 4 elementos: a) formulario de registro; b) carné extensible; c) teléfono, y d) base de datos. La coordinación del proyecto y la centralización de la información se realizará en el Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, que es el centro coordinador de la Red-REUMT. Se realizará un análisis estadístico, en primer lugar descriptivo y posteriormente bivariable, de la base de datos. Se recogerán indicadores de proceso y de resultado que nos permitan evaluar la intervención
Objective. The main objective of this project is to set up and assess a pilot model to help increase the cure rate in the mobile immigrant population with Tuberculosis. A model of information transfer is proposed. This is based on successful experiences in other countries. Design. Prospective, longitudinal study. Population. The cases will be collected through participating hospitals in the REUMT network (Spanish Network of Tropical Medicine Units): Hospital Central de Defensa (Madrid); Hospital de la Fe (Valencia); Hospital del INGESA de Melilla (Melilla); Hospital del INGESA de Ceuta (Ceuta); Hospital Son Dureta (Mallorca), as well as through hospitals in Nador, Tetuan, and Tangier and Immigrants' Reception Centres (CETI) in Ceuta, Melilla, and Fuerteventura. In recent years, tuberculosis in these hospitals has been estimated at about 250 cases. Method. To set up the project, 4 items are needed: a) registration form; b) extensible identification card; c) telephone, and d) data base. The coordination of the project and collection of information will be centralised at the National Centre of Tropical Medicine, which is also the coordinator of the REUMT network. Information analysis. A statistical analysis of the data base will be run, first descriptive and then bivariate. To assess the intervention, indicators marking the process and results will be collected
