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1.
Med Sci Educ ; 31(2): 549-556, 2021 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33495717

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Due to the Covid-19 social distancing restrictions, in March 2020, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar decided to replace students' clinical instruction with novel online electives. Hence, we implemented an innovative online and remote pathology curriculum, anchored on virtual microscopy and Zoom videoconferencing: ideal tools to support online teaching. OBJECTIVE: To assess a new curriculum implementation at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This for-credit, 2-week elective included 6 synchronous Zoom sessions where complex clinicopathological cases were discussed in small groups. We used open access digital microscopy slides from the University of Leeds' Virtual Pathology Library (http://www.virtualpathology.leeds.ac.uk/slides/library/). Students independently prepared for these sessions by reviewing cases, slides, readings, and questions in advance (asynchronous self-directed learning anchored on a flipped classroom model), and wrote a final review of a case. An assessment and feedback were given to each student. RESULTS: Four elective iterations were offered to a total of 29 students, with learners and faculty spread over 4 countries. During the Zoom sessions, students controlled the digital slides and offered their own diagnoses, followed by group discussions to strengthen autonomy and confidence. We surveyed learners about the elective's performance (program evaluation). Students conveyed high levels of satisfaction about the elective's overall quality, their pathology learning and online interactions, with minimal challenges related to the remote nature of the course. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Technological innovations mitigate sudden disruptions in medical education. A remote curriculum allows instruction at any distance, at any time, from anywhere, enhancing educational exchanges, flexibility and globalization in medical education.

3.
Arch. bronconeumol. (Ed. impr.) ; 49(4): 166-168, abr. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-111399

ABSTRACT

La inmunodeficiencia común variable es una de las alteraciones de la inmunidad más frecuentes. Suele manifestarse con infecciones respiratorias de repetición, desde neumonías hasta otitis, y puede asociarse a otras patologías, como bronquiectasias o enfermedades intersticiales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 28 años con infecciones respiratorias frecuentes e infiltrados nodulares pulmonares, que fue diagnosticado de inmunodeficiencia común variable y bronquiolitis folicular. La bronquiolitis folicular se asocia, en algunos casos, a inmunodeficiencias y debe realizarse un diagnóstico diferencial con la hiperplasia nodular linfoide, la neumonía intersticial linfocítica y el linfoma BALT de bajo grado(AU)


Common variable immunodeficiency is one of the most frequent immunity alterations. The most common clinical presentation occurs with recurrent respiratory infections, from pneumonia to otitis, and may be associated with other diseases such as bronchiectasis or interstitial lung diseases. We report the case of a 28-year-old patient with frequent respiratory infections and nodular pulmonary infiltrates, who was diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency and follicular bronchiolitis. In some of the cases, follicular bronchiolitis is associated with immunodeficiencies and should be included in a differential diagnosis with lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and low-grade BALT lymphoma(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Bronchiolitis/complications , Bronchiolitis/diagnosis , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/complications , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/complications , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/physiopathology , Lung Diseases, Interstitial , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections , Radiography, Thoracic , Diagnosis, Differential
4.
Arch Bronconeumol ; 49(4): 166-8, 2013 Apr.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22963957

ABSTRACT

Common variable immunodeficiency is one of the most frequent immunity alterations. The most common clinical presentation occurs with recurrent respiratory infections, from pneumonia to otitis, and may be associated with other diseases such as bronchiectasis or interstitial lung diseases. We report the case of a 28-year-old patient with frequent respiratory infections and nodular pulmonary infiltrates, who was diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency and follicular bronchiolitis. In some cases, follicular bronchiolitis is associated with immunodeficiencies and should be included in a differential diagnosis with lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and low-grade BALT lymphoma.


Subject(s)
Bronchiolitis/etiology , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/complications , Adult , Bronchiolitis/diagnosis , Humans , Male
5.
Hematology ; 13(1): 24-7, 2008 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18534062

ABSTRACT

We studied the clinical impact of CD38 expression in 226 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients (CLL) at disease presentation and during follow up to determine its prognostic significance, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and to verify whether this parameter changed over time. Various patients' characteristics were studied including gender, Rai and Binet stages, immunoglobulin light chain expression, lymphocyte doubling time and CD38 expression. After a median follow up of 53 months (range 6-282), 62% CD38 positive(+) patients required therapy. PFS and OS at 84 months were significantly lower for CD38(+) patients: 20 and 71% respectively, compared to CD38 negative(-): 70 and 96%. At multivariate analysis CD38(+) showed to be the best factor for predicting progression: HR 3.3, 95%CI 2.10-5.14, p = 0.000. Its expression did not change in 98% re-evaluated patients. We confirm that CD38(+) is a stable parameter for the identification of CLL patients with a more aggressive disease course.


Subject(s)
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/blood , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology , Lymphocyte Subsets/classification , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biomarkers/blood , Cohort Studies , Disease Progression , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Humans , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Severity of Illness Index
6.
Exp Cell Res ; 314(3): 509-29, 2008 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18061162

ABSTRACT

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) enhances proliferation of chemically-induced mammary tumors and of T47D human cell line through not fully understood pathways. Here, we explored the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by TNF alpha, the participation of TNF alpha receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2 and the molecular mechanism leading to breast cancer growth. We demonstrate that TNFalpha induced proliferation of C4HD murine mammary tumor cells and of T47D cells through the activation of p42/p44 MAPK, JNK, PI3-K/Akt pathways and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) transcriptional activation. A TNF alpha-specific mutein selectively binding to TNFR1 induced p42/p44 MAPK, JNK, Akt activation, NF-kappa B transcriptional activation and cell proliferation, just like wild-type TNF alpha, while a mutein selective for TNFR2 induced only p42/p44 MAPK activation. Interestingly, blockage of TNFR1 or TNFR2 with specific antibodies was enough to impair TNF alpha signaling and biological effect. Moreover, in vivo TNF alpha administration supported C4HD tumor growth. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that injection of a selective inhibitor of NF-kappa B activity, Bay 11-7082, resulted in regression of TNF alpha-promoted tumor. Bay 11-7082 blocked TNF alpha capacity to induce cell proliferation and up-regulation of cyclin D1 and of Bcl-xLin vivo and in vitro. Our results reveal evidence for TNF alpha as a breast tumor promoter, and provide novel data for a future therapeutic approach using TNF alpha antagonists and NF-kappa B pharmacological inhibitors in established breast cancer treatment.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/physiopathology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/physiopathology , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/drug effects , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/drug effects , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , Carcinogens , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemically induced , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Humans , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/drug effects , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/drug effects , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/chemically induced , Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy , Nitriles/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology , Signal Transduction/immunology , Sulfones/pharmacology , Transcriptional Activation/drug effects , Transcriptional Activation/immunology
7.
Hematología (B. Aires) ; 10(1): 13-19, ene.-abr. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-481580

ABSTRACT

La leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) es una enfermedad caracterizada por la acumulación de linfocitos B,usualmente CD5+, que tienen una larga vida y se encuentran detenidos en la fase GO/1 temprana del ciclo celular debido aun defecto en su apoptosis. Como el factor de crecimiento semejante a la insulina tipo I (IGF-I) es un conocido factor antiapoptótico en diferentes tipos celulares, hemos investigado su posible participación autocrina/paracrina en las células leucémicas. Observamos que los niveles de IGF-I séricos en pacientes con LLC fueron elevados mientras que la hormona de crecimiento (HC) se mantuvo normal. Las células LLC expresaron el ARNm del IGF-I y fueron capaces de secretar el factor de crecimiento in vitro. Por lo tanto, la producción local del IGF-I puede ser responsable del aumento de los niveles séricos de IGF-I, de forma independiente de la HC y podría estar relacionada al control autocrino/paracrino de la supervivencia de los linfocitos. Más aun, los pacientes estables que tuvieron IGF-I sérico elevado, mostraron una sobrevida más corta en un seguimiento de 4 años. Nuestros hallazgos indican que los niveles séricos de IGF-I en pacientes estables podrían ser utilizados como un marcador pronóstico en LLC.


Subject(s)
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell , Receptor, IGF Type 2
8.
Hematología (B. Aires) ; 10(1): 13-19, ene.-abr. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-122354

ABSTRACT

La leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) es una enfermedad caracterizada por la acumulación de linfocitos B,usualmente CD5+, que tienen una larga vida y se encuentran detenidos en la fase GO/1 temprana del ciclo celular debido aun defecto en su apoptosis. Como el factor de crecimiento semejante a la insulina tipo I (IGF-I) es un conocido factor antiapoptótico en diferentes tipos celulares, hemos investigado su posible participación autocrina/paracrina en las células leucémicas. Observamos que los niveles de IGF-I séricos en pacientes con LLC fueron elevados mientras que la hormona de crecimiento (HC) se mantuvo normal. Las células LLC expresaron el ARNm del IGF-I y fueron capaces de secretar el factor de crecimiento in vitro. Por lo tanto, la producción local del IGF-I puede ser responsable del aumento de los niveles séricos de IGF-I, de forma independiente de la HC y podría estar relacionada al control autocrino/paracrino de la supervivencia de los linfocitos. Más aun, los pacientes estables que tuvieron IGF-I sérico elevado, mostraron una sobrevida más corta en un seguimiento de 4 años. Nuestros hallazgos indican que los niveles séricos de IGF-I en pacientes estables podrían ser utilizados como un marcador pronóstico en LLC.(AU)


Subject(s)
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell , Receptor, IGF Type 2
9.
Cytometry B Clin Cytom ; 70(2): 63-70, 2006 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16470534

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders affecting hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Despite the relevance of clonal CD34+ cells in developing MDS, only few studies analyze the phenotype of this cell population. The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic changes on HPC in MDS that could reflect abnormalities in the differentiation process of stem cells. METHODS: We analyzed the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on CD34+ cells by flow cytometry in 36 patients with MDS, as well as in healthy donors (n = 12) and patients with other hematological disorders: non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma, both in complete remission (CR) (n = 32); acute lymphoblastic leukemia in CR (n = 17); de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) at diagnosis (n = 22) and in CR (n = 37); and AML secondary to MDS at diagnosis (n = 19). Cases with available karyotype were grouped according to the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). RESULTS: Compared to normal BM, the fraction of immature HPC, characterized as CD34+bright, intermediate FSC/SSC, and CD38dim, was significantly increased in high risk MDS and secondary AML, but not in low risk MDS, (P < or = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.7). De novo AML showed decreased immature HPC. High numbers of immature HPC correlated with higher IPSS risk groups (P = 0.05) and showed significant impact on disease progression (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that evaluation of CD38 expression pattern on HPC is an easy and reproducible test that allows evaluating the immature subset of progenitor cells. Increased immature HPC in high risk MDS and secondary AML may reflect blocked differentiation of CD34+ cells in these diseases.


Subject(s)
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology , Antigens, CD34/immunology , Bone Marrow Cells/immunology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/immunology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cell Differentiation , Disease Progression , Female , Flow Cytometry , HLA-DR Antigens/immunology , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Myeloma/diagnosis , Multiple Myeloma/immunology , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/diagnosis , Observer Variation , Phenotype , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology , Prognosis , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors
10.
Br J Haematol ; 130(1): 58-66, 2005 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15982345

ABSTRACT

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of long-lived B lymphocytes blocked in G(0/1) by impaired apoptosis. As insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is known for its antiapoptotic effects in different cell types, we investigated whether IGF-I and its receptor (IGF-IR) participate in autocrine/paracrine loops affecting the survival of CLL cells. IGF-IR protein and mRNA was present in CLL cells in 44% and 59% of patients respectively. IGF-IR expression in CLL patients was positively correlated with the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and was involved in CLL cell survival in vitro. Serum IGF-I was elevated in CLL patients, but growth hormone (GH) was normal. CLL cells expressed IGF-I mRNA and secreted the growth factor in vitro. Therefore, local production of IGF-I can account for the increased levels of serum IGF-I, independently of GH, and may be related to autocrine/paracrine control of lymphocyte survival acting at IGF-IR. This is the first demonstration of IGF-IR expression in a subgroup of CLL patients and of its antiapoptotic effects in vitro, highlighting the importance of this growth factor receptor as a possible therapeutic target in CLL.


Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism , Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Apoptosis , Autocrine Communication , B-Lymphocytes/chemistry , Case-Control Studies , Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry , Female , Flow Cytometry , Growth Hormone/blood , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Paracrine Communication , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Receptor, IGF Type 1/analysis , Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tumor Cells, Cultured
12.
Acta Haematol ; 108(1): 39-42, 2002.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12145466

ABSTRACT

An inversion, inv(4)(p14q27), was found as the sole karyotypic anomaly at diagnosis in the bone marrow cells from a 65-year-old male patient with an M4 acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). To our knowledge, the breakpoints observed in this case appear to be different from other inversions of chromosome 4 previously described in ANLL. The patient we described had a poor response to chemotherapy and had a short survival.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Inversion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/ultrastructure , Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Bone Marrow/pathology , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics , Cytarabine/administration & dosage , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Idarubicin/administration & dosage , Karyotyping , Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/drug therapy , Male , Mitoxantrone/administration & dosage
17.
Bol. Acad. Nac. Med. B.Aires ; 75(2): 581-93, jul.-dic. 1997. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-216288

ABSTRACT

El control de calidad se efectuó sobre los valores obtenidos, relativos y absolutos, de linfocitos T y de sus subpoblaciones CD4+ y CD8+ en muestras de sangre de pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). El estudio incluyó dieciocho centros: diez utilizaron citómetros de flujo de Becton Dickinson, tres de Coulter y 5 de Ortho que representan a 17 laboratorios de Argentina y a uno de Uruguay. Los siguientes programas se utilizaron para analizar los datos : SimulSET, Paint a Gate (Becton Dickinson), Profile II, XL System (Coulter), ImmunoCount Trio y Combo Cytoron (Ortho). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre periférica en horas de la mañana (8 a 10 hs) de 10 voluntarios normales (por serología y hemograma) y de 10 pacientes HIV positivos con valores previos de CD4 que variaron entre 200-350 células por microlito y fueron procesadas dentro de las 12 horas. Cada centro obtuvo los valores relativos con el procedimiento técnico habitual y el de los valores absolutos utilizando el hemograma propio. Además, en un contador hematológico Cell-Dyn 3500 se obtuvo para cada muestra el hemograma correspondiente considerado de referencia. Los valores absolutos medios, obtenidos en cada centro con el hemograma propio, para los linfocitos T y los de sus subpoblaciones fueron significativamente diferentes. No hubo diferencias significativas para los valores porcentuales entre los diferentes centros ni para los valores absolutos obtenidos con el hemograma de referencia. Concluimos que las diferencias en los valores absolutos de los linfocitos T y sus subpoblaciones dependen del recuento hematológico empleado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Flow Cytometry/methods , HIV , Lymphocyte Subsets , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Quality Control , Blood Specimen Collection , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Data Interpretation, Statistical
18.
Bol. Acad. Nac. Med. B.Aires ; 75(2): 581-93, jul.-dic. 1997. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-18141

ABSTRACT

El control de calidad se efectuó sobre los valores obtenidos, relativos y absolutos, de linfocitos T y de sus subpoblaciones CD4+ y CD8+ en muestras de sangre de pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). El estudio incluyó dieciocho centros: diez utilizaron citómetros de flujo de Becton Dickinson, tres de Coulter y 5 de Ortho que representan a 17 laboratorios de Argentina y a uno de Uruguay. Los siguientes programas se utilizaron para analizar los datos : SimulSET, Paint a Gate (Becton Dickinson), Profile II, XL System (Coulter), ImmunoCount Trio y Combo Cytoron (Ortho). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre periférica en horas de la mañana (8 a 10 hs) de 10 voluntarios normales (por serología y hemograma) y de 10 pacientes HIV positivos con valores previos de CD4 que variaron entre 200-350 células por microlito y fueron procesadas dentro de las 12 horas. Cada centro obtuvo los valores relativos con el procedimiento técnico habitual y el de los valores absolutos utilizando el hemograma propio. Además, en un contador hematológico Cell-Dyn 3500 se obtuvo para cada muestra el hemograma correspondiente considerado de referencia. Los valores absolutos medios, obtenidos en cada centro con el hemograma propio, para los linfocitos T y los de sus subpoblaciones fueron significativamente diferentes. No hubo diferencias significativas para los valores porcentuales entre los diferentes centros ni para los valores absolutos obtenidos con el hemograma de referencia. Concluimos que las diferencias en los valores absolutos de los linfocitos T y sus subpoblaciones dependen del recuento hematológico empleado. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Flow Cytometry/methods , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Quality Control , Lymphocyte Subsets , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , HIV , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Blood Specimen Collection , CD4 Lymphocyte Count/methods
19.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 55(6): 675-80, 1995. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-163813

ABSTRACT

The aim was to evaluate the usefulness of lymph node biopsies obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) for immunophenotyping of non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Seventeen superficial and deep lymph node samples were fractioned for conventional cytological examination and immunophenotyping studies. Out of ten NHL, nine were readily detected by flow cytometry (FC), while failure on the remaining case was due to selective loss of large cell population, which is liable to occur with this procedure. A single case, which proved negative for all markers employed, was finally diagnosed by immunohistochemistry as germ cell tumor. The other six cases, presenting lymphoid population without phenotypic abnormalities, were diagnosed by cytology and/or histology as Hodgkin disease or hyperpiasic disorders. To conclude, FC immunophenotyping seems to improve the efficacy of FNA in NHL diagnosis, whereas for Hodgkin disease and hyperplasic disorders, classic morphological criteria are more useful for differential diagnosis. Although FNA for FC immunophenotyping cannot replace histopathological examination for NHL diagnosis, it proves to be a useful tool for staging and follow up, making surgical procedures for sample collection unnecesary.


Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy, Needle , Flow Cytometry , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Immunophenotyping , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct/methods
20.
Medicina [B.Aires] ; 55(6): 675-80, 1995. tab, graf
Article in English | BINACIS | ID: bin-22945

ABSTRACT

The aim was to evaluate the usefulness of lymph node biopsies obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) for immunophenotyping of non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Seventeen superficial and deep lymph node samples were fractioned for conventional cytological examination and immunophenotyping studies. Out of ten NHL, nine were readily detected by flow cytometry (FC), while failure on the remaining case was due to selective loss of large cell population, which is liable to occur with this procedure. A single case, which proved negative for all markers employed, was finally diagnosed by immunohistochemistry as germ cell tumor. The other six cases, presenting lymphoid population without phenotypic abnormalities, were diagnosed by cytology and/or histology as Hodgkin disease or hyperpiasic disorders. To conclude, FC immunophenotyping seems to improve the efficacy of FNA in NHL diagnosis, whereas for Hodgkin disease and hyperplasic disorders, classic morphological criteria are more useful for differential diagnosis. Although FNA for FC immunophenotyping cannot replace histopathological examination for NHL diagnosis, it proves to be a useful tool for staging and follow up, making surgical procedures for sample collection unnecesary.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Flow Cytometry/methods , Biopsy, Needle , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Immunophenotyping , Diagnosis, Differential , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct/methods
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