ABSTRACT
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a rare pulmonary disease characterized by the diffuse proliferation of neuroendocrine cells in the bronchial epithelium. It is considered a preinvasive precursor to carcinoid tumors and usually presents with obstructive symptoms. We present the case of a 71-year-old female, non-smoker, with a past medical history of asthma, osteoarthritis, allergic rhinitis, and hyperlipidemia who was referred to the pulmonology clinic in view of incidental chest CT findings of multiple pulmonary nodules. Physical examination and labs were unremarkable. CT of the chest showed scattered multiple noncalcified pulmonary nodules with a 10 mm dominant nodule in the inferior right middle lobe and several subcentimeter hypodensities in the left and right lobes of the lung. A PET scan confirmed the CT findings along with no abnormal hypermetabolic activity to suggest malignancy. The patient was followed up in the pulmonology clinic at six months, 12 months, and then 18 months. At 18 months owing to a slight increase in the size of the largest lung nodule, a CT-guided biopsy done was conclusive of a carcinoid. The tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM-1), and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). The Ki-67 (Keil) index was <1%. A video-assisted thoracic surgery with right middle lobectomy along with mediastinal lymph node dissection was then done, and the patient was found to have stage pT1aN0 typical carcinoid tumor (1.0 cm), with multiple carcinoid tumors and neuroendocrine hyperplasia, consistent with DIPNECH. She has been under clinical follow-up for over three years at present and continues to be asymptomatic with complete remission following surgery. DIPNECH primarily affects middle-aged, non-smoking females who present with cough and dyspnea, and diagnosis is often delayed due to clinical features overlapping with those of obstructive lung disease. Imaging shows lung nodules, ground-glass opacities, and/or mosaic attenuation. Due to the rarity of the conditions, there are no established clinical trials, and therefore, there is a need to establish guidelines.
