Pair-bonding, fatherhood, and the role of testosterone: A meta-analytic review.

Males of many species must allocate limited energy budgets between mating and parenting effort. The Challenge Hypothesis provides a framework for understanding these life-history trade-offs via the disparate roles of testosterone (T) in aggression, sexual behavior, and parenting. It predicts that males pursuing mating opportunities have higher T than males pursuing paternal strategies, and in humans, many studies indeed report that men who are fathers and/or pair-bonded have lower T than childless and/or unpaired men. However, the magnitude of these effects, and the influence of methodological variation on effect sizes, have not been quantitatively assessed. We meta-analyzed 114 effects from 66 published and unpublished studies covering four predictions inspired by the Challenge Hypothesis. We confirm that pair-bonded men have lower T than single men, and fathers have lower T than childless men. Furthermore, men more oriented toward pair-bonding or offspring investment had lower T. We discuss the practical meaningfulness of the effect sizes we estimate in relation to known factors (e.g., aging, geographic population) that influence men's T concentrations.

Evaluating the Validity of the DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria in a Sample of Treatment-seeking Native Americans.

OBJECTIVE: Despite high rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-induced deaths among Native Americans, there has been limited study of the construct validity of the AUD diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the current study was to examine the validity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) AUD criteria in a treatment-seeking group of Native Americans. METHODS: As part of a larger study, 79 Native Americans concerned about their alcohol or drug use were recruited from a substance use treatment agency located on a reservation in the southwestern United States. Participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID for DSM-IV-TR) reworded to assess 11 DSM-5 criteria for AUD. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the validity of the AUD diagnostic criteria, and item response theory (IRT) was used to examine the item characteristics of the AUD diagnostic criteria in this Native American sample. RESULTS: CFA indicated that a 1-factor model of the 11 items provided a good fit of the data. IRT parameter estimates suggested that "withdrawal," "social/interpersonal problems," and "activities given up to use" had the highest magnitude of discrimination. "Much time spent using" and "activities given up to use" were associated with the greatest severity. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provided support for the validity of the AUD DSM-5 criteria and a unidimensional latent construct of AUD in this sample of treatment-seeking Native Americans. IRT analyses replicate findings from previous studies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the validity of the DSM-5 AUD criteria in a treatment-seeking sample of Native Americans. Continued research in other Native American samples is needed.

Obligatory exercise and coping in treatment-seeking women with poor body image.

PURPOSE: Obligatory exercise is characterized by continued exercise despite negative consequences, and intense negative affect when unable to exercise. Research suggests psychosocial differences between individuals that exercise in an obligatory manner and those that do not. It also has been speculated that obligatory exercise may serve coping and affect regulation functions, yet these factors have not been routinely examined in community women with poor body image. The purpose of the current study was to investigate psychosocial differences between obligatory and non-obligatory exercisers, and to examine the use of obligatory exercise as an avoidant coping strategy in a sample of women with poor body image. METHODS: Women (n = 70) seeking treatment for body dissatisfaction were divided into obligatory and non-obligatory exercise groups based on their scores on the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. Participants then completed an assessment battery about eating pathology, body image, reasons for exercise, coping strategies, and negative affect. RESULTS: Independent t test analyses indicated that obligatory exercisers had significantly greater eating disorder symptomatology, avoidant coping, and appearance- and mood-related reasons for exercise than non-obligatory exercisers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that eating disorder symptomatology and avoidant coping were significant predictors of obligatory exercise. CONCLUSIONS: There are distinct psychosocial differences between women with poor body image who exercise in an obligatory fashion and those who do not. The current study suggests that obligatory exercise may serve as an avoidant coping strategy for women with poor body image. Enhancing healthy coping strategies may be an important addition to body image improvement programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Body dissatisfaction predicts poor behavioral weight loss treatment adherence in overweight Mexican American women.

Poor adherence poses a major barrier to the success of behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs, particularly for overweight Mexican American women. Given the high prevalence and costs of overweight/obesity, factors that contribute to attendance and adherence problems should be identified, especially in ethnic minority populations. The current study examined the role of pre-treatment body dissatisfaction and depression in predicting attendance and adherence in a BWL intervention. Ninety-nine overweight/obese Mexican American women enrolled in the intervention and completed baseline measures. Eighty-one of the women attended at least one treatment session and provided measures of dietary and physical activity adherence. Simultaneous linear regression analyses suggested that although higher levels of body dissatisfaction and depression each played unique roles in predicting poorer attendance, only body dissatisfaction predicted adherence. Specifically, higher body dissatisfaction predicted poorer treatment adherence. Findings highlight the importance of addressing body dissatisfaction early in BWL treatment to increase attendance and adherence.