First detection of Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 and coinfection with beak and feather disease virus in naturally infected captive ringneck parakeets (Psittacula krameri) in Brazil.

This study describes a case report in captive rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) that developed clinical signs and eventually died after introducing new birds without quarantine. Bronchopneumonia and airsacculitis with syncytial cells associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies were found. Herpesvirus was detected in lungs and liver by PCR, and a nearly complete genome sequence of a Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 5 was obtained from the lung of a bird. Metagenomic analysis also identified beak and feather disease virus in the same samples. The study also highlights the importance of quarantine for avoiding the introduction of new diseases in captive aviaries.

West Nile virus associated with equid encephalitis in Brazil, 2018.

Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for emerging and re-emerging diseases. Taken together, the arboviruses have a strong impact on public health and are the most common causes of equine encephalitis. In-depth diagnostic investigation of equine viral encephalitis is of utmost importance for the epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease. Regarding neurological disorders in equids, in April-May 2018, at least 12 cases of equid mortality with acute neurological signs were reported in six farms from Espirito Santo state, Brazil. To investigate the aetiological agent of this neurological disease outbreak, central nervous system (CNS) fragments from two horses and two donkeys were submitted for virologic diagnosis. Rabies, equine herpesvirus-1, and arbovirus-associated encephalomyelitis were investigated using differential diagnosis techniques. West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by nested RT-PCR in CNS fragments from each of the four animals in the study and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. This is the first case of neurological disease in equids confirmed to be associated with WNV infection in Brazil. This finding unveils a new and urgent field of research and the need to understand the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the disease and the risk to public health.

Evolution and factors influencing somatic cell count in raw milk from farms in Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais / Evolução e fatores que influenciam a contagem de células somáticas em leite cru de fazendas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais

The somatic cell count (SCC) of refrigerated raw milk reflects the occurrence of mastitis in the herd and the management of rural property. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the SCC of the refrigerated raw milk and its determinant factors in dairy properties of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais. Monthly, milk samples were taken from 44 cooling tanks during 2012. A structured questionnaire was applied to evaluate the production and management characteristics of the herds. There was a significant variation (p 0.05) in the mean SCC of the milk, which was lower from June to August. Higher mean SCC and percentages of samples above the limit set by the legislation were observed in months of higher rainfall and ambient temperature (p 0.05). Mechanical milking, lower milk yield, productivity, inadequate milking procedures, equipment hygiene, and water quality were all factors that influenced (p 0.05) the SCC of raw refrigerated milk. Milker training is required for production of low SCC milk.(AU) 

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite cru refrigerado reflete a ocorrência de mastite no rebanho e manejo da propriedade rural. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a CCS do leite cru refrigerado e seus fatores determinantes em propriedades leiteiras de Viçosa, estado de Minas Gerais. Mensalmente, foram coletadas amostras de leite de 44 tanques de refrigeração durante o ano de 2012. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado para avaliar as características de produção e manejo dos rebanhos. Houve variações significativas (p < 0,05) na CCS média do leite, sendo menores nos meses de junho a agosto. Maiores CCS médias e porcentagens de amostras acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação foram observadas em meses de maiores precipitações de chuva e temperatura ambiente (p < 0,05). A ordenha mecânica, menor produção de leite, produtividade, procedimentos inadequados de ordenha, higiene dos equipamentos e qualidade da água são fatores que influenciaram (p < 0,05) a CCS do leite cru refrigerado. A capacitação dos ordenhadores é necessária para produção de leite com baixa CCS.(AU)

Evolution and factors influencing somatic cell count in raw milk from farms in Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais / Evolução e fatores que influenciam a contagem de células somáticas em leite cru de fazendas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais

The somatic cell count (SCC) of refrigerated raw milk reflects the occurrence of mastitis in the herd and the management of rural property. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the SCC of the refrigerated raw milk and its determinant factors in dairy properties of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais. Monthly, milk samples were taken from 44 cooling tanks during 2012. A structured questionnaire was applied to evaluate the production and management characteristics of the herds. There was a significant variation (p 0.05) in the mean SCC of the milk, which was lower from June to August. Higher mean SCC and percentages of samples above the limit set by the legislation were observed in months of higher rainfall and ambient temperature (p 0.05). Mechanical milking, lower milk yield, productivity, inadequate milking procedures, equipment hygiene, and water quality were all factors that influenced (p 0.05) the SCC of raw refrigerated milk. Milker training is required for production of low SCC milk.

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite cru refrigerado reflete a ocorrência de mastite no rebanho e manejo da propriedade rural. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a CCS do leite cru refrigerado e seus fatores determinantes em propriedades leiteiras de Viçosa, estado de Minas Gerais. Mensalmente, foram coletadas amostras de leite de 44 tanques de refrigeração durante o ano de 2012. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado para avaliar as características de produção e manejo dos rebanhos. Houve variações significativas (p < 0,05) na CCS média do leite, sendo menores nos meses de junho a agosto. Maiores CCS médias e porcentagens de amostras acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação foram observadas em meses de maiores precipitações de chuva e temperatura ambiente (p < 0,05). A ordenha mecânica, menor produção de leite, produtividade, procedimentos inadequados de ordenha, higiene dos equipamentos e qualidade da água são fatores que influenciaram (p < 0,05) a CCS do leite cru refrigerado. A capacitação dos ordenhadores é necessária para produção de leite com baixa CCS.

Influência da sujidade e hiperqueratose de tetos na ocorrência de mastite subclínica bovina / Influence of dirtiness and hyperkeratosis teat in occurrence of bovine subclinical mastitis

A influência da sujidade e hiperqueratose de tetos na ocorrência de mastite subclínica foi avaliada em um rebanho de Oliveira (MG) com 70 vacas em lactação no verão e 77 no inverno de 2012. Os tetos foram classificados quanto ao grau de hiperqueratose e nível de sujidade de acordo com metodologias descritas na literatura. A detecção dos animais com mastite foi realizada por meio de California Mastitis Test. As prevalências de tetos com mastite, hiperqueratose e sujos foram de 37,6, 87,9 e 71,4% no verão, respectivamente. No inverno, as prevalências foram 39,6, 73,2 e 68,8%, respectivamente. Tetos com hiperqueratose têm 8,3 vezes mais risco de terem mastite que tetos saudáveis (p 0,05) a ocorrência de mastite subclínica. A manutenção da ordenhadeira deve ser realizada em rebanho com alta prevalência de hiperqueratose de teto. As fontes de sujeiras em tetos de vacas devem ser detectadas em sistema free-stall.

The influence of dirtiness and hyperkeratosis teat in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis was evaluated in cattle of Oliveira (MG) with 70 dairy cows in the summer and 77 in winter, 2012. The teats were classified through the hyperkeratosis degree and dirtiness level according to methods described in the literature. The detection of animals with mastitis was performed by California Mastitis Test. The prevalence teats with mastitis, hyperkeratosis and dirty were 37.6, 87.9 and 71.4% in summer, respectively. In winter, the prevalences were 39.6, 73.2 and 68.8%, respectively. Teats with hyperkeratosis have 8.3 times the risk of having mastitis that healthy teats (p 0.05) the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The maintenance of milking machine should be performed in cattle with a high prevalence of hyperkeratosis teat. The sources of dirt on cows teats should be detected in free-stall system.

Influência da sujidade e hiperqueratose de tetos na ocorrência de mastite subclínica bovina / Influence of dirtiness and hyperkeratosis teat in occurrence of bovine subclinical mastitis

A influência da sujidade e hiperqueratose de tetos na ocorrência de mastite subclínica foi avaliada em um rebanho de Oliveira (MG) com 70 vacas em lactação no verão e 77 no inverno de 2012. Os tetos foram classificados quanto ao grau de hiperqueratose e nível de sujidade de acordo com metodologias descritas na literatura. A detecção dos animais com mastite foi realizada por meio de California Mastitis Test. As prevalências de tetos com mastite, hiperqueratose e sujos foram de 37,6, 87,9 e 71,4% no verão, respectivamente. No inverno, as prevalências foram 39,6, 73,2 e 68,8%, respectivamente. Tetos com hiperqueratose têm 8,3 vezes mais risco de terem mastite que tetos saudáveis (p < 0,05). A sujidade não influenciou (p > 0,05) a ocorrência de mastite subclínica. A manutenção da ordenhadeira deve ser realizada em rebanho com alta prevalência de hiperqueratose de teto. As fontes de sujeiras em tetos de vacas devem ser detectadas em sistema free-stall.(AU)

The influence of dirtiness and hyperkeratosis teat in the occurrence of subclinical mastitis was evaluated in cattle of Oliveira (MG) with 70 dairy cows in the summer and 77 in winter, 2012. The teats were classified through the hyperkeratosis degree and dirtiness level according to methods described in the literature. The detection of animals with mastitis was performed by California Mastitis Test. The prevalence teats with mastitis, hyperkeratosis and dirty were 37.6, 87.9 and 71.4% in summer, respectively. In winter, the prevalences were 39.6, 73.2 and 68.8%, respectively. Teats with hyperkeratosis have 8.3 times the risk of having mastitis that healthy teats (p < 0.05). The dirtiness no affected (p > 0.05) the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The maintenance of milking machine should be performed in cattle with a high prevalence of hyperkeratosis teat. The sources of dirt on cows teats should be detected in free-stall system.(AU)