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1.
Avian Dis ; 66(2): 213-219, 2022 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35723929

ABSTRACT

Fowl adenoviruses cause three economically important diseases in broiler chicken flocks: hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), and adenoviral gizzard erosion. IBH has not been considered a serious threat in northeast Iran since the last decade, because no major effect on flock performance has been noticed along with a low mortality rate. During this period, all the sporadic IBH outbreaks have also been investigated for HHS without finding any confirmed case. In March 2021, a 15-day-old commercial broiler flock in northeast Iran showed a 50% mortality rate, and birds underwent postmortem examination, histopathology, molecular testing, and phylogenetic analysis for possible disease agents. Typical gross lesions of HHS were observed postmortem that included hydropericardium with an unusual accumulation of jelly-like and straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac (without right ventricular failure); petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on the myocardium, myocardial valves, and endocardium; and discolored and mottled liver along with small white foci and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages. Histopathologic analysis showed necrosis of hepatocytes and basophilic inclusion bodies in the livers. The molecular tests performed for detection of fowl adenovirus (FAdV), H5 avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), H9N2, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus, Marek's disease virus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Mycoplasma synoviae turned out positive for FAdV, CIAV, IBD vaccine virus, and IBV serotypes 793B and variant I. The phylogenetic tree based on the hexon gene loop 1 demonstrated a FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) that was identical to Pakistani isolate PARC-1/98. Because it was the first detection of a FAdV-4 in Iran, the stamping out program was applied immediately on the basis of HHS gross lesions and positive PCR reaction on pericardial jelly-like fluid. It seems that this eradication strategy was successful because no outbreaks were noticed for 2 mo after the initial outbreak. It was concluded that the use of gross pathologic baselines, quick diagnosis of disease, and close collaboration between governmental and private sectors were the critical factors that helped locally control the first occurrence of HHS in Iran.


Reporte de caso- Primera presentación del síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio (HHS) en Irán y medidas efectivas de control aplicadas en la parvada comercial de pollos de engorde afectada. Los adenovirus del pollo causan tres enfermedades económicamente importantes en las parvadas de pollos de engorde: síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio (HHS), hepatitis con cuerpos de inclusión (IBH) y erosión de la molleja por adenovirus. La hepatitis con cuerpos de inclusión no se ha considerado una amenaza grave en el noreste de Irán desde la última década, porque no se ha observado un efecto importante en el rendimiento de la parvada junto con una baja tasa de mortalidad. Durante este período, todos los brotes esporádicos de hepatitis con cuerpos de inclusión también han sido analizados para el síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio sin encontrar ningún caso confirmado. En marzo del 2021, una parvada comercial de pollos de engorde de 15 días de edad en el noreste de Irán mostró una tasa de mortalidad del 50 % y las aves se sometieron a un examen post mortem, histopatología, pruebas moleculares y análisis filogenético para detectar posibles agentes patógenos. Se observaron lesiones macroscópicas post mortem típicas del síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio que incluían hidropericardio con una acumulación inusual de líquido gelatinoso y de color pajizo en el saco pericárdico (sin insuficiencia ventricular derecha); hemorragias petequiales o equimóticas en el miocardio, válvulas miocárdicas y endocardio; e hígado decolorado y moteado junto con pequeños focos blancos y hemorragias petequiales o equimóticas. El análisis histopatológico mostró necrosis de hepatocitos y cuerpos de inclusión basófilos en los hígados. Se realizaron pruebas moleculares para la detección de adenovirus del pollo (FAdV), virus de la influenza aviar H5, virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle, virus de la bronquitis infecciosa aviar, virus de influenza tipo H9N2, virus de la anemia infecciosa de los pollos, virus de la enfermedad infecciosa de la bolsa, virus de la enfermedad de Marek, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Mycoplasma gallisepticum y Mycoplasma synoviae con resultados positivos para adenovirus del pollo, virus de la anemia infecciosa, virus vacunal de Gumboro y virus de la bronquitis infecciosa serotipos 793B y variante I. El árbol filogenético basado en la asa 1 del gene del hexon demostró la presencia del serotipo 4 del adenovirus del pollo (FAdV-4) que era idéntico al aislamiento pakistaní PARC-1/98. Debido a que fue la primera detección de un adenovirus de pollo serotipo 4 en Irán, el programa de despoblación sanitario se aplicó de inmediato sobre la base de lesiones macroscópicas del síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio y por reacción de PCR positiva en el líquido pericárdico gelatinoso. Parece que esta estrategia de erradicación tuvo éxito porque no se notaron brotes durante dos meses después del brote inicial. Se concluyó que el uso de líneas base de patología macroscópica, el diagnóstico rápido de la enfermedad y la estrecha colaboración entre los sectores gubernamental y privado fueron los factores críticos que ayudaron a controlar localmente la primera presentación del síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio en Irán.Key words: hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome, FAdV-4, control measures, Iran.


Subject(s)
Adenoviridae Infections , Aviadenovirus , Chicken anemia virus , Hepatitis , Infectious bursal disease virus , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Chickens , Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Adenoviridae Infections/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Iran/epidemiology , Aviadenovirus/genetics , Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics
2.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) ; 62(9): 46-50, 2016 Aug 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27585261

ABSTRACT

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) shows special physicochemical properties, therefore they use many applications such as catalysis, health, electronic and optical. In this study, AgNPs was synthesized using aqueous extract of Salvadora persica bark. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The optimal synthesis condition to prepare nanoparticles was determined as silver nitrate 3 mM, 5 ml of aqueous extract in the room temperature for 1 h. The TEM image of AgNPs showed the formation of spherical, non-uniform nanoparticles of mean size of 50 nm. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The MIC values of AgNPs were 100 and 400 µg/mL on E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Also the MBC of AgNPs was 200 µg/mL for E. coli and there was no result observed for S. aureus bacteria. The results showed that synthesized nanoparticles have favorable antibacterial properties.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Metal Nanoparticles/toxicity , Salvadoraceae/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Green Chemistry Technology , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Particle Size , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Salvadoraceae/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , X-Ray Diffraction
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