Minimal invasive vertical muscle transposition for the treatment of large angle exotropia due to congenital medial rectus hypoplasia: Case Report and Literature Review.

Reports of isolated anomalies of the medial rectus (MR) muscle in literature are sparse. It has been identified as a subtype of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder that affects the normal development of brainstem motor neurons. Herein, we report a 37-year-old male presented with large-angle exotropia since the birth of right eye with palpebral fissure widening. On examination of ocular movements, there was -6 limitation of adduction. There was no limitation in other ocular movements. In the preoperative CT scan, all extraocular muscles were present. He underwent surgery in right eye. Intraoperatively in the site of medial rectus, we found an empty sheath without muscle fibers indicating medial rectus hypoplasia. The width of muscle insertion was normal. Surgery consisted of lateral rectus muscle recession 10 mm in hang-back method and vertical muscle transposition procedure, by a modification of Nishida technique, in which the vector of superior and inferior recti was transposed medially by inserting non-absorbable sutures at nasal margins of muscles secured to sclera 8 mm posterior to medial rectus site without tenotomy or splitting. The deviation was decreased to less than 10 PD exotropia in primary position. The adduction was improved from -6 to -4. The palpebral fissure asymmetry was also corrected. Here, we also reviewed clinical features of all cases of medial rectus hypoplasia/aplasia in the literature and discussed surgical approaches. For vertical rectus transposition and horizontal muscle weakening, this technique has the advantages of being simpler and less traumatic to ocular tissues and unlike the traditional transposition procedures, there is no need for tenotomy and splitting.

The role of early office-based needle aspiration in the management of subperiosteal hematoma.

Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit is a rare complication that may occur in different situations. The most common cause is blunt trauma to the head region. The victims are usually young boys and the common site is usually orbital roof. There is no uniform approach in the literature in the management of subperiosteal hematoma. Conservative management has been recommended in cases with intact visual function. If conservative management is planned, complete resorption of hematoma may last several months, and the patients must tolerate diplopia and varying degrees of proptosis in this relatively long period of time. In this study, four boys (12-15 years) were referred to our clinic with a provisional diagnosis of subperiosteal hematoma after blunt trauma no more than 10 days after initial trauma. Although in our patients, no one had compressive optic neuropathy, they underwent hematoma aspiration and nearly 7 ml dark blood was drained. All procedures were performed in an office-based setting without local anesthesia or sedation and the patients tolerated the procedure comfortably and the procedure was uneventful. When there is no indication for orbitotomy in cases of subperiosteal hematoma, early office-based needle aspiration in comparison to follow-up or administration of steroid, is a viable approach because of its feasibility, an office-based treatment that obviates the need for general anesthesia and yields immediate recovery.

Implantation of Customized, Preshaped Implant for Orbital Fractures with the Aid of Three-dimensional Printing.

Orbital floor fractures alone or in conjunction with other facial skeletal fractures are the most commonly encountered midfacial fractures. The technological advances in 3-dimensional (3D) printing allow the physical prototyping of 3D models, so creates an accurate representation of the patient's specific anatomy. A 56-year-old Caucasian man with severe hypoglobus and enophthalmos with an extensive blowout fracture was scheduled for reconstruction. First, 3D physical models were created based on the computed tomography scan datasets from patient. Then, this model was used as templates for preoperative trimming the implant. Surgical reconstruction with the aid of pre-shaped, customized prosthesis based on 3D anatomical model resulted in significant esthetic and clinical improvement. It is possible to build anatomical models on the basis of computed tomography scan datasets. It is relatively inexpensive and can be used in the repair of complex orbital floor fractures.