ABSTRACT
The Chronic Illness Quality of Life (CIQOL) model highlights satisfaction with life in individuals with a chronic illness (i.e., HIV-related diseases) determined by factors such as barriers to health care, AIDS-related discrimination, social support, physical well-being, and engagement coping. Despite the empirical evidence supporting the CIQOL model, its validation in the Iranian population has not yet been conducted. This study aimed to validate the CIQOL model among Iranian patients with HIV-related diseases. Four hundred fifty-two patients completed the study questionnaire including Barriers to Care Scale (BACS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS), Social Provision Scale (SPS), The Functional Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (FAHI), and the Brief COPE Scale. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The assumed model demonstrated an acceptable level of fit to study data. Findings showed that this model could explain 39% of variances in life satisfaction in Iranian patients with HIV-related diseases. Therefore, in psychological interventions aimed at enhancing life satisfaction, the CIQOL model factors especially barriers to health care and social support can be taken into consideration.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In spite of the major role of early maladaptive schemas in vulnerability to various psychological disorders, studies about the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and insomnia disorder are scarce. Hence, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of early maladaptive schemas in insomnia severity by comparing a sample of patients with chronic insomnia and good sleepers. METHODS: Patients with chronic insomnia and good sleepers were evaluated using Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). RESULTS: The study enrolled 117 patients with chronic insomnia and 76 good sleepers. All early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) except for enmeshment showed significant correlations with insomnia severity. After controlling for depression/anxiety symptoms, logistic regression analysis showed that the EMSs including emotional deprivation, vulnerability to harm, and subjugation schemas were significantly associated with insomnia severity. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that EMSs may constitute a vulnerability factor for developing insomnia. Early maladaptive schemas may require attention in the existing treatments of insomnia.
