Intra-abdominal Pressure Monitoring in Open Abdomen Management with Dynamic Abdominal Closure.

The importance of elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) have been recognized in critical care for its potential damaging effects. But, quantification of IAP values may be useful as a clinical tool for determining efficacy of coughing and straining for functional recovery of OA patients. We would like to evaluate IAP generated in an OA patient and the effect of negative pressure therapy (NPT) and dynamic abdominal closure systems (ABRA) on the IAP values at rest and during coughing and straining and compare those with IAP measurements of closed abdomen after standard open elective colorectal surgery (non-OA). Eight OA and eight non-OA patients were included in this study. OA patient with NPT and ABRA (OA + NA), OA patient without NPT and ABRA completely unbraced (OA-NA) (NA stands for NPT and ABRA), and non-OA patients underwent IAP measurements at rest, during coughing, and during straining via transurethral catheter. There was no difference in the mean of IAP measurement at rest in OA-NA (6.1 mmHg), OA + NA (6.5 mmHg), and non-OA (6.0 mmHg) patients. During coughing, IAP of OA-NA, OA + NA, and non-OA patients were 11.5, 19.1, and 22.0 mmHg and during straining, IAP of OA-NA, OA + NA, and non-OA patients were 11.5, 17.5, and 23.5 mmHg, respectively. Application of NPT in conjunction with ABRA did not increase IAP at rest but provided significant IAP increase in OA + NA patients, when compared to OA-NA patients during coughing and straining. NPT in conjunction with ABRA offers the advantage of increase of IAP during coughing and straining.

Operative Management of Enteroatmospheric Fistula in Björck 4 Open Abdomen Patients by the Help of Laparoscopic Lateral Approach.

As the open abdomen (OA) management increases, the number of fistula formation has also been increasing during the last two decades. These fistulas in OA have been defined as enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF). EAF occurring in a frozen OA is classified as Björck 4 OA. Management of Björck 4 OA patient is not easy and mortality of these patients is very high in spite of the presence of modern treatment modalities. There are a few surgical approaches for treatment of Björck 4 OA patients. One of them is excising the hostile segment by lateral abdominal approach from the healthy side or entering from lateral border of OA wound after enough time intervals for subsiding of the edematous intestine in acute inflammatory reaction in the hostile environment. In this case, we present a newly developed surgical technique, called laparoscopic lateral approach which was applied to Björck 4 OA patient for excising hostile intestinal segment and management of the abdominal wall defect.

Delayed Closure of 61 Open Abdomen Patients Based on an Algorithm.

Hemodynamic resuscitation, source control, and delayed abdominal closure are the three fundamental steps for open abdomen (OA) management. When to start delayed abdominal closure and how to determine which delayed closure method should be applied to each OA patient are not clarified in the literature. We evaluated an algorithm that was developed to address these two questions. A retrospective chart review was conducted for OA patients treated for according to the algorithm. When hemodynamic stabilization and source control using negative pressure therapy resulted in regression of sepsis and decreased procalcitonin levels, patients were assigned to either the skin-only or fascial closure groups according to their Björck scores and open abdominal fascial closure (OAFC) scores. The novel OAFC scoring system was created by adding age and malignancy to the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. For skin-only closure, skin flaps and skin grafts were used; for fascial closure, an abdominal re-approximation anchor system (ABRA) or ABRA plus biologic mesh was applied. From January 2008 through September 2014, 108 OA patients were managed based on the algorithm; 61 were included in this study. Abdominal closure rate was 90.2 % (55/61). Overall hospital mortality rate was 11.4 % (7/61). Small hernias developed in only 12.5 % (4/32) of the fascial closure group. In this retrospective study, the algorithm with the novel OAFC score provided practical and valid guidance to clarify when to start delayed abdominal closure and which delayed closure method to use for each OA patient.

Treatment of delayed jejunal perforation after irreducible femoral hernia repair with open abdomen management and delayed abdominal closure with skin flap approximation.

INTRODUCTION: We show the management of a delayed jejunal perforation, after irreducible femoral hernia operation with the help of negative pressure therapy (NPT) and delayed abdominal closure (DAC) with skin flap approximation in an elderly woman for the first time in the literature. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 76 year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with irreducible femoral hernia and ileus. After examining the femoral hernia sac and noting the presence of viable intestine within the hernia sac, a femoral hernia repair with mesh was performed. At postoperative day 1 she started to defecate and oral intake was started. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. On postoperative day 8, she was re-admitted to the emergency department with septic shock. The patient underwent reoperation. Septic abdomen and delayed perforation from strangulated part of the jejunum were seen. A jejunostomy was opened and patient was treated with open abdomen management and delayed abdominal closure with skin flap. The ostomy was closed 4 months later. DISCUSSION: The exact mechanism of delayed presentation of small bowel perforation remains controversial. Delayed intestinal perforation has rarely been reported after blunt abdominal trauma (BAT), conductive burn injuries of the bowel with cautery, or necrosis of strangulated bowel in a hernia sac. Open abdomen (OA) management is a life-saving and challenging strategy in severe generalized peritonitis. CONCLUSION: Delayed bowel perforation may develop after irreducible femoral hernia surgery. OA management with NPT and DAC with skin flap approximation are optimal treatment modalities for the hemodynamically instable patient.

Prophylactic Ozone Administration Reduces Intestinal Mucosa Injury Induced by Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion in the Rat.

OBJECTIVES: Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with mucosal damage and has a high rate of mortality. Various beneficial effects of ozone have been shown. The aim of the present study was to show the effects of ozone in ischemia reperfusion model in intestine. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty eight Wistar rats were randomized into four groups with seven rats in each group. Control group was administered serum physiologic (SF) intraperitoneally (ip) for five days. Ozone group was administered 1 mg/kg ozone ip for five days. Ischemia Reperfusion (IR) group underwent superior mesenteric artery occlusion for one hour and then reperfusion for two hours. Ozone + IR group was administered 1 mg/kg ozone ip for five days and at sixth day IR model was applied. Rats were anesthetized with ketamine∖xyzlazine and their intracardiac blood was drawn completely and they were sacrificed. Intestinal tissue samples were examined under light microscope. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px), malondyaldehide (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PCO) were analyzed in tissue samples. Total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed in blood samples. Data were evaluated statistically by Kruskal Wallis test. RESULTS: In the ozone administered group, degree of intestinal injury was not different from the control group. IR caused an increase in intestinal injury score. The intestinal epithelium maintained its integrity and decrease in intestinal injury score was detected in Ozone + IR group. SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT values were high in ozone group and low in IR. TOS parameter was highest in the IR group and the TAC parameter was highest in the ozone group and lowest in the IR group. CONCLUSION: In the present study, IR model caused an increase in intestinal injury.In the present study, ozone administration had an effect improving IR associated tissue injury. In the present study, ozone therapy prevented intestine from ischemia reperfusion injury. It is thought that the therapeutic effect of ozone is associated with increase in antioxidant enzymes and protection of cells from oxidation and inflammation.

Management of Recurrent Rectourethral Fistula by York Mason Posterior Transrectal Transsphincteric Approach.

Rectourethral fistula (RUF) may develop after ureterovesical and rectal intervention or radiation therapy (RT) rarely, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The patient will typically present with pneumaturia, faecaluria, and urinary drainage from the rectum. Diagnosis can be easily done with digital rectal examination, cystography, and urethrocystoscopy. Conservative supportive management of RUF does not appear to be successful in most patients, and management with surgical intervention remains the best treatment option. Several surgical techniques have been described including transabdominal, transanal, transperineal, combined abdominoperineal, anterior and posterior transsphincteric, transsacral, laparoscopic, robotic, and endoscopic minimally invasive approaches. There have been very few data about treatment of recurrent RUF. We would like to report the management of recurrent RUF following transurethral resection of prostate and RT for prostate carcinoma in an immunosuppressed, 75-year-old patient by York Mason posterior transrectal transsphincteric approach.