CHLOROQUINE INDUCED LESIONS IN LIVER OF ALBINO MICE.

A study was carried out to demonstrate the effects of chloroquine on liver of developing albino rats. In this study, 20 white albino mice were used, and distributed in 2 groups. They were kept in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, their ages ranged between (4-3) months and they were in good health. The first group (G1) was considered a control group, this group included 10 mice who were given regular food in addition to sterilized water daily for a period of (30) days, the second group (G2) included 10 mice, they were given food and water with chloroquine after mixing it in 1ml of distilled water at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day for each animal orally for a period of 30 days, it was found that chloroquine induced toxicity in liver tissue of albino mice which were exposed to chloroquine drug for longer during their life. Histological sections of stomach revealed that degenerative cases were present in the mucosa of it and the gastric glands also demonstrated sloughing of its mucus cells, and histological sections of small intestine indicated that the degenerative changes were present in the mucosa and submucosa reflected by sloughing of certain villi and the intestinal glands were also affected, lymphocytic infiltration was present in between the intestinal glands with plasma cells. The present study indicated that the liver tissue was affected by drug used via effect on the histological structure, as there was hypertrophy and degeneration of liver cells, hypertrophy of Kupffer cells in the blood sinusoids.

PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ENZYME FROM WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER.

The study included the purification of glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX) in the serum of women with breast cancer, which involved 60 samples of serum from women with breast cancer, and 30 samples from healthy individuals. The results of the study showed a significant decrease at a probability level of p<0.0001 for the activity of the GPX enzyme in the serum of women with breast cancer. Additionally, the GPX enzyme was purified from the serum of women with breast cancer through precipitation with ammonium sulfate and dialysis, and the use of DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-100, where a main protein band was separated, which was relied upon in determining the optimal conditions for the partially purified enzyme. The optimal conditions for the partially purified enzyme from the serum of women with breast cancer were determined and the highest activity was for the substrate concentration of 0.1 mM H2O2. The maximum speed Vmax was 3.125IU/L and the Michaelis-Menten constant Km was 0.0179 M using Lineweaver-Burk plot, the optimal pH was at 8.5, temperature at 37°C, and the highest activity time was at 5 minutes.

HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FEXOFENADINE ON SALIVARY GLAND IN RATS.

Fexofenadine is a newly introduced oral non-sedating agent used for allergic diseases. We sought to investigate the effects of the use of fexofenadine on the salivary gland of adult male albino rats. 30 adult male albino rats were classified randomly into 3 groups, as follows: Group A (control group) which consisted of 10 healthy rats. Group B (treated group) which consisted of 10 rats received FEX 5mg/kg/day, and Group C (treated group) which consisted of 10 rats received FEX 10mg/kg/day. Blood samples were obtained to assess serum levels of Thioredoxin reductase (TRX) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Salivary glands were removed and prepared for histological examination. This study showed that significantly (p<0.05) higher TRX and MDA levels were observed in group B and group C, compared to group A. The histological examination for salivary tissues revealed degenerative changes in serous cells of acini were present with deep pyknotic nuclei. Vacuolar cytoplasmic degeneration is also seen in other certain cells. Blood congestion was present in the intralobular blood vessels, particularly around the striated ducts. The glandular secretion duct contained mucus and serous secretion and the wall of the duct was surrounded by many WBCs with macrophage. Fexofenadine hydrochloride use induces remarkable histopathological changes with dose-dependent response and remarkably linked to elevation of oxidative stress markers.

BREAST CANCER-MODULATED OMENTIN AND VASPIN PLASMA LEVELS.

Omentin and vaspin levels have been shown to change in many inflammatory diseases, the present study aimed to evaluate the omentin and vaspin levels in breast cancer patients. To do so serum samples were collected and analysed for omentin, vaspin, renal and liver function tests. The levels of creatinine (p<0.01) and urea (p<0.05) showed substantial increases, while omentin and Vaspin levels notably decreased (p<0.05). Additionally, breast cancer patients exhibited significantly higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to the control group (p<0.05). In comparison to the control group, individuals with breast cancer demonstrated reduced blood concentrations of omentin and vaspin and elevated levels of creatinine and urea. Additionally, liver function testing indicated lower levels of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in breast cancer patients. Breast cancer patients had lower levels of omentin and vaspin, and higher levels of creatinine and urea compared to the control group. Liver function tests also indicated lower levels of AST, ALP, and ALT in breast cancer patients compared to the control group.

ASSESSMENT OF OSTEOPONTIN, SCLEROSTIN, AND OSTEOCALCIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM ON MEDICAL THERAPY.

Thyroid hormones are critical regulators of bone maintenance in adulthood and play an important part in the development of bones. They also play a function in the formation of bones. Childhood hypothyroidism leads to delayed skeletal development, limited linear growth, and impaired bone mineral accumulation. This research aims to assess the serum concentration of sclerostin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in women diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Additionally, it seeks to examine the impact of medical treatment on the levels of sclerostin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in individuals with hypothyroidism. This research examined a total of 180 women, divided into three groups: 70 women before treatment, 70 women after treatment, and 40 control subjects. The age range of the participants was between 15 and 54 years. The participants in this research are categorized into three distinct groups: The first cohort consisted of 70 women diagnosed with hypothyroidism, as confirmed by medical professionals. The second group consisted of 70 women who had undergone treatment for hypothyroidism. The research included a control group consisting of healthy women with no family history of thyroid illness. These women were in good health and their ages were similar to those of the women with hypothyroidism. According to the presented data show a decrease in the mean of the serum level of sclerostin, and osteocalcin in hypothyroidism women before and after treatment compared with the control group (13.4±4.9 versus 19.8±5.1 and 21.5±5.0), (9.8±4.7 versus 14.35±12.63 and 15.20±14.73), respectively. The result was significant (p<0.01), with no differences in osteopontin levels between study groups. It was concluded that the sclerostin, and osteocalcin decreased in women with hypothyroidism before treatment in comparison with women after treatment and healthy women, while Furthermore no differences in Osteopontin levels between the three groups.

IMPACT OF METFORMIN ON OSTEOPROTEGERIN LEVELS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN WOMEN.

Metformin is an important agent in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment. Osteoblast express osteoprotegerin (OPG) which has integral effects on bone metabolism nexus. This cross-sectional research sought to identify the impact of metformin therapy on serum level osteoblast express osteoprotegerin and prolactin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: 30 patients with PCOS and 30 controls. The current study revealed that prolactin levels were increased in PCOS group compared to control group which is highly significant. While after treatment with metformin prolactin level was reduced significantly in than before treatment. Osteoprotegerin concentrations were considerably dropped in the PCOS group contrasted with the control group. Conversely, serum osteoprotegerin in metformin-treated group were higher compared to PCOS group. Osteoblast express osteoprotegerin level increased after 3 months of treatment with metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

EVALUATION OF FETUIN-A LEVEL IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ASPROSIN AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS.

An ovarian cyst is a common hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries in females of reproductive age. Environmental and genetic factors may contribute to the beginning of the disease, although the lack of a clear aetiology. Menstrual irregularities, increased hair growth, and acne are some of the most important signs. In order to control symptoms and prevent the development of chronic medical disorders, early identification is essential. The goal of this study was to assess fetuin-A levels and relationships in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. The connection between fetuin-A and asprosin and several biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides in women patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ninety females were included in the trial; 60 individuals (females) were selected who were diagnosed with PCOS by a gynaecological specialist and ranged in age from 15 to 45. The result was a change in the ovulation-inducing hormones LH and FSH as well as an increase in the proteins fetuin-A and Asprosin. On the other hand, 30 individuals (all female) were used as a control group. Their ages were recorded as well as the fact that they did not have PCOS. For all groups, laboratory tests were done to determine the levels of fetuin-A, Asprosin, fasting blood sugar, Insulin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. For parents and a control group, investigators performed an asprosin analysis, The findings of the comparison were statistically not significant (P value=0.115). performed a Fetuin-A analysis as well, the results were statistically highly significant with a P value of 0.0002 when compared to the outcomes of the two sick groups and the healthy controls.

EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF COENZYME Q 10 IN THE BLOOD OF BREAST CANCER WOMEN.

Cancer is an abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ that causes the cells to change their nature, eventually producing a lump or mass and spreading to other regions of the body in most cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of coenzyme Q 10 in breast cancer patients and to determine their relationship to the proliferation of breast cancer. This study has investigated 90 women (60 patients and 30 controls) subdivided according to stages of cancer status. This study shows the mean of coenzyme Q 10 was observed in breast cancer women (16.91±2.52) as compared with the healthy control group (42.49±7.45) the difference was highly significant at a P. value of 0.0003. The mean and stander deviation of coenzyme Q 10 in women with breast cancer (stage 1, stage2, stage3, and metastatic stage) were (28.03b±5.81, 17.51b±3.42, 22.71b±4.38, and 17.93b±2.92) in comparison with healthy women were(40.22a±3.13). It was concluded that the levels of coenzyme Q 10 were significantly decreased in breast cancer women as compared with healthy women.

ESTIMATION OF SERUM FERROPORTIN AND LIVER ENZYMES IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS.

Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignancy and a major cause of death in women. We sought to evaluate ferroportin plasma concentration in patients with BC. A total of 90 subjects (60 BC versus 30 control healthy) enrolled in the present study. Blood sample withdrawn and serum separated for measurement of total serum bilirubin (TSB), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), ferroportin (FPN). Results: A non-significant (p<0.852) differences exists between the level TSB in BC group (0.665±0.365) compared to control group (0.654±0.191mg/dl). AST in BC group (40.1±36.0) has shown a highly significant (p>0.001) difference comparing with the control group (22.5±14.2 U/L). ALT in BC group (29.7±26.7) has shown a highly significant (p>0.004) difference comparing with the control group (18.19±9.51U/L). FPN (ng/mL) in BC group (2.47±1.59) has shown a highly significant (p>0.002) difference comparing with the control group (4.44±1.20). Conclusion: the study concluded that breast cancer was associated with elevated AST, and ALT with reduced FPN and no changes reported with TSB levels.

ALTERED LEVELS OF ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE AND HEPCIDIN AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age group. Aim - to determine the relationship of Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) with hepcidin, ferritin, serum iron and interleukin-6 among PCOS women. A total of 60 PCOS women enrolled in the study, whose ages ranges were between 15-45 years old versus control group (30 healthy volunteer females with regular menstrual cycles aged between 15 to 45 years). All PCOS patients and healthy control underwent full physical examination and anthropometric measurements. Blood samples were collected from each woman for measurement of AMH, and hepcidin. The study showed that the Lowest mean of hepcidin was observed among PCOS women (13.27±1.46 ng/ml) as compared to the control group of non-PCOS women (98.76±2.88 ng/ml). The mean SD of AMH in PCOS women was (7.63±3.66 ng/ml), which was significantly higher than the control group with a mean SD of (2.09±1.11 ng/ml). Based on the study findings, women with PCOS had significantly higher average serum iron levels compared to the control group (223.5±57.3 and 129.1±44.9 g/dl), serum ferritin levels were significantly elevated in women with PCOS (279.9±44.9 and 129.1±44.9 ng/ml). The mean level of hepcidin was (14.77±1.31 ng/ml) in overweight PCOS women, which was elevated significantly than in PCOS women with normal BMI (12.18±1.58 /ml). The study found a negative correlation of serum hepcidin with each iron, ferritin and AMH among PCOS women.

SERUM LIPOCALIN-2, AND FETUIN-A LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease leading to a progressive and irreversible loss of mental functions. It is characterized by 3 stages according to the evolution and the severity of the symptoms. The authors of the present study aimed to investigate the levels of serum lipocalin-2, fetuin-A, and TNF-α in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 56 patients with Alzheimer's disease (the first group), and another 25 healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The serum levels of lipocalin-2, fetuin-A, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were determined with the use of the ELISA method. There was a significant elevation in serum lipocalin-2, and TNF-α levels in the AD group (88.68±32.1) and(42.28±5.05) respectively, compared to the control group (63±28.5), and (35.19±5.07) respectively, [p<0.001]. A significant increase in serum concentration of lipocalin, TNFa with a reduction of fetuin-A could be considered an important phenomenon used for follow-up or prognosis and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

METFORMIN EFFECTS ON NEUREGULIN-1 IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN WOMEN.

The study aims to assess the levels of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and to determine the impact of metformin treatment on their serum NRG1 levels. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, while NRG1 is linked to regulating inflammation and ovulation. The study was conducted on sixty women with PCOS and thirty healthy women as the control group. Thirty patients completed the follow-up study and continued on metformin treatment for three months. The study was a cross-sectional study done in Salah Al-Deen general hospital/gynaecology and obstetrics department in Tikrit City from November 2022 to January 2023. The participants were diagnosed with PCOs based on the Rotterdam criteria, and their BMI and insulin resistance were measured before and after therapy. Fasting serum NRG1 was also measured. The study found that women with PCOS had increased levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance, as well as increased levels of NRG1. However, treatment with metformin for three months resulted in a significant decrease in body mass index, blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. NRG1 level decreased significantly after 3 months of treatment with 850 mg per day with metformin in women with PCOS.

METFORMIN EFFECTS ON BLOOD LEVELS OF GREMLIN-1 IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN WOMEN.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder affecting millions of women worldwide, characterized by symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, acne, and excess hair growth. PCOS is linked to higher levels of gremlin-1, a protein involved in ovarian follicle development, which may cause insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. The objective is to evaluate the effects of metformin treatment on gremlin-1 levels in patients with PCOS. Sixty patients diagnosed with PCOs based on the Rotterdam criteria were selected as the PCOS group, while 30 healthy women matched for age were selected as the control group. The patients took metformin 850 mg twice daily and provided fasting blood samples before and after treatment. Data was collected through a questionnaire, direct interviewing, ultrasound examination, and laboratory examination, and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 7. The study found that PCOS patients had increased levels of gremlin compared to the control group. Additionally, PCOS patients had increased levels of blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. After taking metformin, patients showed a significant decrease in gremlin concentration. Treatment with metformin also resulted in a decrease in body mass index, blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Metformin decrease gremlin and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

HEPCIDIN AND IRON BIOMARKERS MODULATED IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) describes abnormal kidney function and/or structure. It is common, frequently unrecognized, and often exists together with other conditions.Aim - to investigate the role of serum hepcidin in inflammation among hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).This prospective hospital-based study conducted in Kirkuk city included 30 CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis at Kirkuk General Hospital, along with 30 healthy individuals as controls. Blood samples were collected before and after hemodialysis, as well as from the control group, and analyzed for various parameters. The blood samples were collected for determination of hepcidin levels were determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, while S. iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC).The study found that HD patients had significantly higher levels of serum hepcidin compared to the control group. The mean serum hepcidin level in HD patients was 246.1±72.4 ng/ml, while in the control group, it was 105.7±20.2 ng/ml. Serum ferritin levels were also found to be significantly higher in HD patients compared to the control group (430.5±148.3 ng/ml vs. 153.8±60.6 ng/ml). HD patients had lower serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) levels compared to the control group (63.10±15.62 µg/dl vs. 92.98±26.68 µg/dl and 265.4±61.1 µg/dl vs. 273.3±65.9 µg/dl, respectively). After dialysis, both serum hepcidin levels decreased, with the mean serum hepcidin decreasing from 246.1±72.4 ng/ml to 206.3±61.8 ng/ml The study also demonstrated a positive correlation between hepcidin levels serum ferritin, urea, and creatinine, and a negative correlation with serum iron and hemoglobin levels in patients before hemodialysis.HD patients have higher levels of serum hepcidin, ferritin, iron and TIBC, suggesting potential involvement in inflammation and iron metabolism dysregulation.

HEPCIDIN AND FERRITIN MODULATED IN OBESE MALE.

Obesity has reached truly epidemic proportions worldwide and has become one of the most prevalent health problems that our world currently faces. The goal of the study is to identify the relationship between body mass index (BMI), insulin, hepcidin, and ferritin in obese males. Ninety males were recruited into the study; forty participants were assigned to the obese group were have BMI>30 kg/m2, twenty to overweight group were have BMI between 25-30 kg/m2, and another thirty to the control group were have slow BMI<25 kg/m2. The serum hepcidin, serum fasting insulin, serum ferritin and fasting glucose were evaluated in each of the studied groups. The Obese group showed a significant increase of the serum hepcidin concentration compared with the control group (4.65±1.92 vs. 3.43±1.52, p=0.015). No prominent differences were detected in the three groups in ferritin and glucose concentration. Investigation of iron regulated cytokine hepcidin can be participated in future as iron deficiency marker in obese subject in conjugation with serum iron and serum ferritin.