Cross-sectional study of potential incompatibility of intravenous medications in a neonatal intensive care unit in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the most common incompatible and unknown compatibility drug combinations and determine the compatibility of each pair of drugs used in hospitals based on reference books and journals. METHODS: This is a prospective cross sectional study. All babies who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Units from May 1 to July 31 2021 were sample of the study. Patients who did not receive at least two drug coadministrated concurrently and who stayed less than 24 hours were excluded. Only drug-drug combinations were considered and the other non-drug administrations (electrolyte solutions, parenteral nutritions, and blood products) were excluded. Compatibility data were obtained from literature and online search engines [micromedex NeoFax Essentials 2020, UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide: Pharmacy Department, 3rd Edition, Trissel Handbook on injectable drugs 15th edition, and published journals]. RESULTS: The most commonly prescribed drug combinations were ampicillin-gentamicin (31.72%), amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam (9.05%), amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam-aminophylline (3.08%). The most common drug incompatible combination was ampicillin - gentamicin (31.71%), for the most drug combinations whose compatibility unknown were amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam (9.05%). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of incompatible drugs and unknown compatibility was identified, so checking its compatibility can be carried out through a two-dimensional chart to minimize the incidence of incompatibilities.

Cross-sectional study of potential incompatibility of intravenous medications in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Indonesia. / [Artículo traducido] Estudio transversal de posibles incompatibilidades entre los medicamentos intravenosos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the most common incompatible and unknown compatibility drug combinations and determine the compatibility of each pair of drugs used in hospitals based on reference books and journals. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study. All babies who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Units from May First to July 31st 2021 were sample of the study. Patients who did not receive at least two drugs coadministrated concurrently and who stayed less than 24 hours were excluded. Only drug-drug combinations were considered and the other non-drug administrations (electrolyte solutions, parenteral nutritions, and blood products) were excluded. Compatibility data were obtained from literature and online search engines (micromedex NeoFax Essentials 2020, UCL Hospitals Injectable Medicines Administration Guide: Pharmacy Department, 3rd Edition, Trissel Handbook on injectable drugs 15th edition, and published journals). RESULTS: The most commonly prescribed drug combinations were ampicillin-gentamicin (31.72%), amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam (9.05%), amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam-aminophylline (3.08%). The most common drug incompatible combination was ampicillin-gentamicin (31.71%), for the most drug combinations whose compatibility unknown were amikacin-ampicillin sulbactam (9.05%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of incompatible drugs and unknown compatibility was identified, so checking its compatibility can be carried out through a two-dimensional chart to minimize the incidence of incompatibilities.

Provision of Standardized All-in-One Parenteral Nutrition (AIO-PN) for Very Preterm Neonates: Evaluation at Room and Cold Temperatures.

INTRODUCTION: All-in-one parenteral nutrition (AIO-PN) is essential for patients with limited venous access, e.g. premature infants. So far, there are still some conflicting data related to the stability of AIO-PN. The aim of this study is to examine the physical stability and sterility of AIO-PN as it was being stored at room and cold temperature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AIO-PN contains dextrose, amino acid, lipid, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium gluconate, and vitamin. Formulation of AIO-PN was prepared based on the guidance of nutrition for 3-day-old preterm baby weighing 1000 g. The formulation of AIO-PN then was stored at room temperature (25.43ºC ± 0.54) and cold temperature (6.2ºC ± 2.04). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Based on the experiments, all formulas confidently fulfilled the sterile criteria, in which there is no microbial growth in the formula within 7 days. During those days, the droplet size of all formulas was under the range (<500 nm) with a good range of pH. However, during the process of storing under the room temperature, AIO-PN showed the reversible creaming starting on day 2 and the discoloration starting on day 4. Meanwhile, we found that there are no such physical changes in the formula within 7 days under the cold temperature. CONCLUSION: This research confirmed that AIO-PN that is being stored at room temperature cannot be used starting on day 4, but the formulation storage under the cold temperature is still accepted within 7 days.

The COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Assessment Test: Assessment of Therapeutic Outcomes of Patients at Private Hospitals in Yogyakarta.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airflow disorder along with decreasing health status. COPD assessment test (CAT) is commonly used to assess the health status of patients and their medical results. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic outcomes in patients with COPD using CAT in private hospitals in Yogyakarta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 156 patients, aged >40 years who had completed the CAT questionnaire. CAT scores were categorized into four groups and consisted of eight items: cough, phlegm, chest tightness, breathlessness going up hills/stairs, activity limitations at home, confidence leaving home, sleep, and energy. The four categories were successful therapy (CAT scores <10), moderately successful CAT 10-19), less successful (CAT scores 20-30), and unsuccessful (CAT score >30). The study was conducted from April to August 2018 at two Private Hospitals in Yogyakarta followed by descriptive-analytical data processing and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: The therapeutic outcomes of COPD were 30.13% successful (CAT score: <10), 60.26% moderately successful (CAT score: 10-19), 9.62% less successful (CAT score: 20-30), and there were no patients with unsuccessful therapy. The majority of patients had moderate airflow severity. Exacerbation condition, severity level, and type of therapy showed a significant result (P < 0.05) toward therapy results with COPD measurement, and from eight CAT items, it was identified that 37.8% of respondents had breathlessness going up hills/stairs. CONCLUSION: CAT can assess the therapeutic outcomes and COPD patient's health status with moderately successful therapy (CAT score 10-19) in more than sixty percent of respondents.

All-in-one versus lipid-free parenteral nutrition for premature infants: visual, pH, and particle size analyses / Comparación de nutrición parenteral "todo-en-uno" frente a nutrición parenteral sin lípidos en prematuros: análisis visual, de pH y tamaño de partículas

Objective: this study aims to investigate the physical stability of standard formulations for parenteral nutrition, with and without lipids, in one bag for preterm babies. Method: standard formulations for first-day and for second-day parenteral nutrition of preterm babies weighing 1,000 grams were prepared in triplicate. Standard all-in-one formulas for first-day and for second-day parenteral nutrition were compared with equivalent standard lipid-free formulations. The standard formulas contain glucose, amino acids, lipids, calcium gluconate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and vitamins. Stability was evaluated using visual inspection, particle size analysis, and pH measurement. The physical instability of the all-in one parenteral nutrition formulas was reported as creaming, coalescence, or cracking, whereas the instability of the lipid-free parenteral nutrition formulas was described as turbidity, precipitation, gas formation, or colour changes. Two independent evaluators assessed the visual changes under light and against a dark-light background, as well as using the Tyndall beam effect. Particle size was measured using a particle size analyzer. Chemical compatibility was checked using a pH-meter. Result: the result showed that the all-in-one (AIO) parenteral nutrition formulas develop reversible creaming on day three, while the lipid-free ones remain clear. As regards pH and particle size, none of the four AIO and lipid-free formulas developed significant changes (?pH < 0.05 and particle size < 400 nm) until after seven days

Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es investigar la estabilidad de las formulaciones estandarizadas de nutrición parenteral, con y sin lípidos, para prematuros. Métodos: se prepararon por triplicado las formulaciones estandarizadas del 1º y 2º día para prematuros de menos de 1000 gramos. Se compararon las soluciones preparadas "todo-en-uno" con las soluciones estandarizadas equivalentes que no contenían lípidos. Las soluciones estandarizadas contenían glucosa, aminoácidos, lípidos, gluconato cálcico, cloruro potásico, cloruro sódico y vitaminas. La estabilidad se evaluó mediante inspección visual, medición del tamaño de las partículas, y medición del pH. Se interpretó como inestabilidad física de las soluciones ternarias la presencia de separación de fases, coalescencia o la formación de una capa grasa, mientras que en las preparaciones sin lípidos se describió como turbidez, precipitación, formación de gas o cambios de coloración. Dos evaluadores independientes comprobaron los cambios visuales bajo luz directa o en contraste con un fondo oscuro, así como mediante el uso del efecto Tyndall. El tamaño de las partículas se midió mediante un analizador de partículas. La compatibilidad química se comprobó con el Phmetro. Resultados: todas las nutriciones parenterales todo-en-uno (AIO) desarrollaron una capa grasa (creaming) al tercer día, mientras que las mezclas sin lípidos permanecieron transparentes. Con respecto al pH y el tamaño de las partículas, ninguna de las cuatro emulsiones AIO y nutrición parenteral sin lípidos mostraron cambios significativos (incremento de pH < 0,03 y tamaño de las partículas < 400 nm) en los siete primeros días

Comparación de Nutrición parenteral "todo-en-uno" frente a nutrición parenteral sin lípidos en prematuros: análisis visual, de pH y tamaño de partículas.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: this study aims to investigate the physical stability of standard formulations for parenteral nutrition, with and without lipids, in one bag for preterm babies. Method: standard formulations for first-day and for second-day parenteral nutrition of preterm babies weighing 1,000 grams were prepared in triplicate. Standard all-in-one formulas for first-day and for second-day parenteral nutrition were compared with equivalent standard lipid-free formulations. The standard formulas contain glucose, lipids, calcium gluconate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and vitamins. Stability was evaluated using visual inspection, particle size analysis, and pH measurement. The physical instability of the all-in one parenteral nutrition formulas was reported as creaming, coalescence, or cracking, whereas the instability of the lipid-free parenteral nutrition formulas was described as turbidity, precipitation, gas formation, or colour changes. Two independent evaluators assessed the visual changes under light and against a dark-light background, as well as using the Tyndall beam effect. Particle size was measured using a particle size analyzer. Chemical compatibility was checked using a pH-meter. Result: the result showed that the all-in-one (AIO) parenteral nutrition formulas develop reversible creaming on day three, while the lipid-free ones remain clear. As regards pH and particle size, none of the four AIO and lipid-free formulas developed significant changes (ΔpH < 0.05 and particle size < 400 nm) until after seven days. Conclusion: all four formulas are stable following examination with visual inspection, a pH-meter, and a particle size analyzer.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es investigar la estabilidad de las formulaciones estandarizadas de nutrición parenteral, con y sin lípidos, para prematuros. Métodos: se prepararon por triplicado las formulaciones estandarizadas del 1º y 2º día para prematuros de menos de 1000 gramos. Se compararon las soluciones preparadas "todo-en-uno" con las soluciones estandarizadas equivalentes que no contenían lípidos. Las soluciones estandarizadas contenían glucosa, aminoácidos, lípidos, gluconato cálcico, cloruro potásico, cloruro sódico y vitaminas. La estabilidad se evaluó mediante inspección visual, medición del tamaño de las partículas, y medición del pH. Se interpretó como inestabilidad física de las soluciones ternarias la presencia de separación de fases, coalescencia o la formación de una capa grasa, mientras que en las preparaciones sin lípidos se describió como turbidez, precipitación, formación de gas o cambios de coloración. Dos evaluadores independientes comprobaron los cambios visuales bajo luz directa o en contraste con un fondo oscuro, así como mediante el uso del efecto Tyndall. El tamaño de las partículas se midió mediante un analizador de partículas. La compatibilidad química se comprobó con el Phmetro. Resultados: todas las nutriciones parenterales todo-en-uno (AIO) desarrollaron una capa grasa (creaming) al tercer día, mientras que las mezclas sin lípidos permanecieron transparentes. Con respecto al pH y el tamaño de las partículas, ninguna de las cuatro emulsiones AIO y nutrición parenteral sin lípidos mostraron cambios significativos (incremento de pH < 0,03 y tamaño de las partículas < 400 nm) en los siete primeros días. Conclusión: las cuatro formulaciones fueros estables tras inspección visual, medición del pH y análisis del tamaño de las partículas.