Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods.

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75 ), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75 ). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production.

Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Turkey.

The current study aimed at estimating the direct (condemned offal) and indirect (meat, milk, and fecundity losses) production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in water buffaloes in Turkey. A spreadsheet loss model was constructed, and the mean prevalence ratio of CE was accepted as 3.8% in male and 21.7% in female buffaloes. The annual financial losses were estimated with official and previously published data under expected (mean value), optimistic (lowered by 10%), and pessimistic (increased by 10%) scenarios with the prices current in 2021. The production losses in an infected male and female water buffalo were estimated at $54.5 ($49.1-59.9) and $89.9 ($80.9-98.9), respectively. Due to CE, the nationwide annual total production losses were estimated at $1.5 million ($1.3-1.6) for water buffaloes in Turkey. In conclusion, farmers, policymakers, and the public need to be informed about CE's risks and financial impact. Control/eradication programs should be included in government policies at the national level after a cost/benefit analysis.

[Economic losses during an outbreak of Simulium (Wilhelmia) species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Cappadocia region of Turkey]. / Türkiye'de Kapadokya Bölgesinde Simulium (Wilhelmia) Türlerinin (Diptera: Simuliidae) Istilasinda Olusan Ekonomik Kayiplar.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to calculate the economic losses during an outbreak of Simulium (Wilhelmia) spp. in the Cappadocia Region of Turkey. METHODS: The economic costs associated with a 2006-2007 outbreak of Simulium (Wilhelmia) spp. in the Cappadocia region of Turkey were calculated by summing losses to the livestock (dairy) industry and tourism (hotels), plus ongoing control expenditures. RESULTS: More than 2.000.000 domestic and foreign tourists, 60.000 animals, and the local population were disturbed by the flies. Tourism was the most affected sector from the Simulium outbreak. CONCLUSION: The calculated cost of the outbreak according to 2013 prices was 10.626.966 TL (US$ 5.45 million).

Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to estimate the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle, sheep and goats in Turkey. For this purpose, official records and previously published data in the literature were used. The weighted mean prevalence rates of the disease were calculated to be 7.4% in cattle, 46.3% in sheep and 10.9% in goats. The financial losses were estimated in US$ at 2008 current prices under expected (mean value), optimistic (mean value lowered by 10%), and pessimistic (mean value increased by 10%) scenarios. The production losses in an infected ruminant were estimated as US$ 139.2 (125.3-153.2, under optimistic-pessimistic scenarios) for cattle, US$ 13.7 (12.3-15.1) for sheep, and US$ 13.9 (12.5-15.3) for goats. The nation-wide annual losses due to CE were estimated as US$ 32.4 million (26.2-39.1) for cattle, US$ 54.1 million (43.8-65.5) for sheep and US$ 2.7 million (2.2-3.3) for goats. The nation-wide production losses due to CE in Turkey in 2008 were calculated as US$ 89.2 million (72.2-107.9). The results of this study may provide information to assist decisions of the policy makers in prioritising the allocation of scarce resources in controlling animal diseases in Turkey. However, alternative disease control-eradication programmes and cost-benefit analyses of them are needed for the future studies of this kind to provide better decision support in this area.

[The investigation of short term efficiency of oxfendazole + oxyclozanide paste and tablet formulations against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep]. / Koyunlarda Mide-Bagirsak Nematodlarina Karsi Oxfendazole + Oxyclozanide'nin Tablet ve Pasta Formülasyonlarinin Kisa Süreli Etkinliginin Arastirilmasi.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of tablet and paste formulations of Oxfendazole and Oxyclozanide combinations against subclinical gastrointestinal nematode infections and to compare the advantages and/or disadvantages of their use. Seventy-five infected sheep were selected from an enterprise located in Kayseri in 2006. The sheep were divided into 3 equal groups as paste, tablet and control groups. Fecal samples were collected from each group before drug administration. While the paste and tablet groups were administered drugs orally, no drugs were given to the controls. Fecal samples were collected on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after drug application and the EPG values were determined. The parasitological examination revealed that the most prevalent species was Ostertagia spp., followed by Nematodirus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. While the mean EPG value of the control group increased up to a ratio of 7.8% at day 28, the mean EPG values of drug groups decreased to 0%. Although the unit dose of paste formulation is more expensive, it was found that it could be an alternative to tablet formulation and has some advantages such as being easier to give, effective utilizing, shorter application period, fewer complications and death risk, no application failure and requires fewer personnel.

Economical impact of tropical theileriosis in the Cappadocia region of Turkey.

This study was initiated to investigate the economical impact of vaccination against tropical theileriosis in cattle in Cappadocia in Turkey. A total of 554 vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were monitored for Theileria annulata infection using microscopic examination serology by measuring the antibody response of the animals by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The prevalence of T. annulata infection, morbidity and mortality were significantly higher in unvaccinated than in vaccinated cattle, whereas the seropositivity was significantly lower in the unvaccinated group. Acute tropical theileriosis cases were diagnosed in 156 of 554 (27.61%) cattle, and 86 of 156 (56.21%) died from the disease. The total economic losses because of tropical theileriosis were estimated at US $598,133 for 2 years.