ABSTRACT
Koenimbine (1), a carbazole alkaloid isolated from Murraya koenigii, belongs to the Rutaceae family. Various pharmacological effects such as anti-diabetic, melanogenesis inhibition, anti-diarrheal, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of koenimbine have already been reported. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of koenimbine (1) and its novel semi-synthetic derivative 8-methoxy-3,3,5-trimethylpyrano[3,2-a] carbazole-11(3H)-yl) (3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) methanone (1G) in both in vitro and in vivo biological systems. Our results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory activity of 1G significantly lowered the production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α & IL-1ß), LTB4 following LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 1G significantly attenuated the expression levels of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose dependent manner and also decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the oral administration of 1G reduced the inflammatory response in carrageenan-induced paw edema in BALB/C mice. Moreover, it effectively reduced NO, IL-6, IL-1ß & TNF-α levels, liver markers (AST, ALT), and kidney markers (BUN, CRE, and Urea). Also, 1G reverted the infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue damage in lungs, liver and kidney enhanced the survival rate in LPS-challenged mice. 1G blocks NF-κB p65 from translocating into the nucleus and activating inflammatory gene transcription. These results illustrated that 1G suppresses the inflammatory effects both in-vitro and in-vivo studies via downregulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that semi-synthetic derivative 1G can effectively attenuate the inflammatory response via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways; suggesting 1G is a potential novel anti-inflammatory drug candidate in treating inflammatory disorders.
Subject(s)
NF-kappa B , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Mice , Animals , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Carbazoles , RAW 264.7 Cells , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolismABSTRACT
In a continuing effort to explore the structural diversity and pharmacological activities of natural products based scaffolds, herein, we report the isolation, synthesis, and structure determination of cannabidiol and its derivatives along with their cytotoxic activities. Treatment of cannabidiol (1) with acid catalyst POCl3 afforded a new derivative 6 along with six known molecules 2 - 5, 7 and, 8. The structure of 6 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and DFT calculations of the NMR and ECD data. All the compounds (2 - 8) were evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against a panel of eight cancer cell lines. Compounds 4, 5, 7, and 8 showed pronounced in vitro cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 60 µM. Out of the active molecules, compounds 4, and 7 were found to be comparable to that of the parent molecule 1 on the inhibition of almost all the tested cancer cell lines.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Cannabidiol/chemistry , Cannabis/chemistry , Cannabidiol/isolation & purification , Cannabidiol/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Density Functional Theory , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating form of treatment-resistant chronic pain caused by damage to the nervous system. Cannabinoids have been known for suppressing neuropathic pain by modulating the endo cannabinoid system. Since the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling has recently been implicated in pain sensation, we investigated the impact of major cannabinoids (1-6) from the leaves of Cannabis sativa and an epoxy derivative of compound 2, here upon referred to as 2a, on modulating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. The results presented in this study show that compound 1, 2 and 2a exhibited potent inhibitory activity against Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 2a was seen to inhibit this pathway at slightly lower concentrations than its parent molecule 2, under similar conditions. Taken together, compound 1, 2 and 2a, by virtue of their inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, could be developed as effective neuroprotective agents for the management of neuropathic pain.
