ABSTRACT
Ultrasonography is an appropriate first-line imaging technique for the characterisation of paediatric lumps, given its relative accessibility and absence of radiation exposure. Together with a thorough history and examination, ultrasonography can help to distinguish benign lesions from malignancy. It can also aid further characterisation of benign lesions to inform onward investigation and management. This review features the evaluation of common benign paediatric lumps together with their characteristic sonographic features, following correlation with histopathology results or clinical follow-up.
Subject(s)
Radiology , Humans , Child , Ultrasonography , Radiography , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
AIM: To review the ultrasonographic outcomes of persistent lymph nodes, in the absence of other concerning signs or symptoms, in patients <6 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 98 patients <6 years old who had neck ultrasound for persistent lymph nodes at a single university hospital over a 3.5 year period between January 2016 and June 2019. RESULTS: There were no cases of malignant disease or serious systemic illness. Ninety-two of the 98 examinations showed normal or reactive lymph nodes. There were three sonographically indeterminate cases and two non-lymph-node structures: haemangioma and dermoid cyst. One examination reported an abnormal lymph node, which had resolved by the time of review in clinic. CONCLUSION: Persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes should be investigated; however, a distinction should be made between lymph nodes that have regressed to <1 cm but are still palpable and persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes. The findings of the present study indicate that persistence of non-enlarged lymph nodes is not a predictor for malignancy. It is advised that clear guidelines are used, which state the criteria for further investigation, to promote the best use of imaging.
Subject(s)
Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Neck/diagnostic imaging , Child, Preschool , Dermoid Cyst/diagnostic imaging , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Hemangioma/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging , Lymphadenopathy/pathology , Palpation , Ultrasonography , Unnecessary ProceduresSubject(s)
Celiac Disease/complications , Femoral Fractures/etiology , Fractures, Spontaneous/etiology , Pregnancy Complications/metabolism , Vitamin D Deficiency/etiology , Adenoma/complications , Calcium/metabolism , Celiac Disease/metabolism , Female , Femoral Fractures/diagnostic imaging , Femoral Fractures/metabolism , Fractures, Spontaneous/diagnostic imaging , Fractures, Spontaneous/metabolism , Humans , Parathyroid Neoplasms/complications , Pregnancy , Radiography , Vitamin D Deficiency/metabolism , Young AdultABSTRACT
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) causes chronic, progressive ischaemic nephropathy and is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Radiology plays a large part in the diagnosis, with a variety of imaging techniques available. Each has relative advantages and disadvantages depending on each unique clinical setting. We discuss and illustrate the range of diagnostic methods and interventional techniques for diagnosis and management of RAS and review the current evidence base for endovascular therapy compared with optimal medical management. Knowledge of the relative merits of the various forms of imaging and treatment will guide decision making in the multidisciplinary setting.
