ABSTRACT
Accurate estimation of kidney function in cirrhosis is crucial for prognosis and decisions regarding dual-organ transplantation. We performed a systematic review/meta-analysis to assess the performance of creatinine-based and cystatin C (CysC)-based eGFR equations compared with measured GFR (mGFR) in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 25 studies (n = 4565, 52.0 years, 37.0% women) comprising 18 equations met the inclusion criteria. In all GFR equations, the creatinine-based equations overestimated GFR (standardized mean difference, SMD, 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.71) and CysC-based equations underestimated GFR (SMD, -0.3; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.02). Equations based on both creatinine and CysC were the least biased (SMD, -0.14; 95% CI, -0.46 to 0.18). Chronic kidney disease-Epi-serum creatinine-CysC (CESC) was the least biased but had low precision and underestimated GFR by -3.6 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (95% CI, -17.4 to 10.3). All equations significantly overestimated GFR (+21.7 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, 17.7-25.7) at GFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; of these, chronic kidney disease-Epi-CysC (10.3 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, 2.1-18.4) and GFR Assessment in Liver Disease (12.6 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, 7.2-18.0) were the least biased followed by Royal Free Hospital (15 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, 5.5-24.6) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease 6 (15.7 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, 10.6-20.8); however, there was an overlap in the precision of estimates, and the studies were limited. In ascites, overestimation of GFR was common (+8.3 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ; 95% CI, -3.1 to 19.7). However, overestimation of GFR by 10 to 20 mL/minute/1.73m2 is common in patients with cirrhosis with most equations in ascites and/or kidney dysfunction. A tailored approach is required especially for decisions regarding dual-organ transplantation.
Subject(s)
Liver Transplantation , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Creatinine , Cystatin C , Female , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosisSubject(s)
End Stage Liver Disease , Liver Transplantation , Critical Illness , End Stage Liver Disease/diagnosis , End Stage Liver Disease/surgery , Humans , Inpatients , Intensive Care Units , Lactic Acid , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Compared to other chronic diseases, patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have significantly higher inpatient mortality; accurate models to predict inpatient mortality are lacking. Serum lactate (LA) may be elevated in patients with CLD due to both tissue hypoperfusion as well as decreased LA clearance. We hypothesized that a parsimonious model consisting of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and LA at admission may predict inpatient mortality in patients with CLD. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We examined all patients with CLD in two large and diverse health care systems in Texas (North Texas [NTX] and Central Texas [CTX]) between 2010 and 2015. We developed (n = 3,588) and validated (n = 1,804) a model containing MELD and LA measured at the time of hospitalization. We further validated the model in a second cohort of 14 tertiary care hepatology centers that prospectively enrolled nonelective hospitalized patients with cirrhosis (n = 726). MELD-LA was an excellent predictor of inpatient mortality in development (concordance statistic [C-statistic] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.82) and both validation cohorts (CTX cohort, C-statistic = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.87; multicenter cohort C-statistic = 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.88). MELD-LA performed especially well in patients with specific cirrhosis diagnoses (C-statistic = 0.84, 95% CI 0.81-0.86) or sepsis (C-statistic = 0.80, 95% CI 0.78-0.82). For MELD score 25, inpatient mortality rates were 11.2% (LA = 1 mmol/L), 19.4% (LA = 3 mmol/L), 34.3% (LA = 5 mmol/L), and >50% (LA > 8 mmol/L). A linear increase (P < 0.01) was seen in MELD-LA and increasing number of organ failures. Overall, use of MELD-LA improved the risk prediction in 23.5% of patients compared to MELD alone. CONCLUSIONS: MELD-LA (bswh.md/meldla) is an early and objective predictor of inpatient mortality and may serve as a model for risk assessment and guide therapeutic options.
Subject(s)
End Stage Liver Disease/mortality , Hospital Mortality , Lactic Acid/blood , Liver Cirrhosis/mortality , Severity of Illness Index , Aged , Clinical Decision-Making , Decision Support Techniques , End Stage Liver Disease/blood , End Stage Liver Disease/diagnosis , End Stage Liver Disease/therapy , Female , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/blood , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Nomograms , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment/methods , Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common solid liver cancer and is screened for with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. However, other tumors can produce AFP, and one of these is the "hepatoid" adenocarcinoma, arising in extrahepatic sites. We present a patient with chronic hepatitis C, multiple liver tumors, and a marked elevation in AFP who was mistakenly thought to have hepatocellular carcinoma, but primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma arising at the gastroesophageal junction was discovered at autopsy.
