[Senegal's experience with pacemakers re-use : about 161 patients at the Aristide Le Dantec university hospital center]. / Expérience du Sénégal sur les pacemakers reconditionnés : à propos de 161 patients au centre hospitalo-universitaire Aristide Le Dantec.

INTRODUCTION: The reuse pacemakers is a beneficial technique for patients in countries with a low economic standard of living where health care is almost non-existent. We offered to share the experience of Senegal on the reconditioning of pacemakers. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a retrospective study over a period from January 2015 to December 2020 including all patients who benefited from a reconditioned pacemaker for primary implantation or reimplantation. The criteria for reconditioning pacemakers are the absence of dysfunction or damage and a residual battery life of more than 5 years of the pacemaker. Refurbished pacemakers are acquired either from deceased families or from extraction centers. Sterilization is carried out using phenoxypropanol + benzalkonium chloride solution, 70% ethanol and ethylene oxide. RESULTS: We collected 161 patients during the study period, including 77 men (48%) and 84 women (52%), i.e. a M/F sex ratio of 0.94. The average age of the population was 65 years. Functional symptomatology was dominated by syncope in 54%. Electrocardiographically, 72% of patients were in complete atrioventricular block. A primary implantation was noted in 91.5% of patients. The vascular approach most used during implantation was cephalic in 49.5% of cases. In our series, we noted that 58% of patients had benefited from temporary stimulation before implantation. At implantation, single-chamber stimulation was used in 60% of patients and 46.5% of patients had programming in VVI mode. We had 5.5% major complications with 3% box infection occurring between 3 and 6 months post-implantation and 2.5% pacemaker syndrome. We noted 1 case of death linked to underlying heart disease. CONCLUSION: Reconditioning of cardiac pacemakers is a safe and beneficial therapeutic strategy for patients. In Senegal, reconditioning has shown satisfactory results. In our countries this technique can be an alternative for certain patients.

Acute circulatory failure in two cardiology departments in Dakar: 44 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Acute circulatory failure is a life-threatening emergency whose prognosis depends on early management and aetiological diagnosis. The aim of our study was to assess the epidemiological, aetiological, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of acute circulatory failure in two cardiology departments in Dakar. METHODS: This was a longitudinal, multicentre, descriptive study over a period of six months from October 2014 to March 2015. We included all patients with acute circulatory failure (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, oligoanuria, tachycardia, tachypnoea, onset of altered consciousness) either on admission or during hospitalisation during the study period. A long-term survival survey (six months to one year) was conducted on all included patients. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were enrolled. The average age was 54.9 years, ranging from 20 to 83 years. The gender ratio was 1.1. Acute circulatory failure occurred most often during hospitalisation (63%), with known cardiomyopathy in 47.7% of cases. Consciousness was impaired in 11 patients while oligoanuria was present in 27.3% of cases. Inflammatory syndrome was mostly found in 63.6% of cases and renal insufficiency and acute liver failure were reported in 45.5 and 29.5% of patients, respectively. Left ventricular dysfunction was the most common echocardiographic feature (70%). Acute circulatory failure was cardiogenic in most cases, with a predominance of advanced dilated cardiomyopathy (44.9%). Septic shock was found in 25% of patients, with pulmonary infection as the main location (20%). Nine per cent of patients had hypovolaemic shock. The most used inotropic drug was dobutamine in 79.5% of cases, followed by adrenaline (18.2%) and norepinephrine (4.5%). Intra-hospital mortality rate was high (52.3%) and one-year survival rate was 27.2%. Poor prognostic factors such as advanced age and renal impairment were associated with a higher overall mortality rate of 18 to 90%, with no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Acute circulatory failure is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency with a high mortality rate.

[Chronic Right Ventricular Failure Revealing a Large Compressive Hydatid Cyst at the Cardiology Department of the Aristide le Dantec Hospital (Dakar, Senegal)]. / Une insuffisance ventriculaire droite chronique révélant un volumineux kyste hydatique compressif au service de cardiologie de l'hôpital Aristide le Dantec (Dakar, Sénégal).

Hydatidosis, an anthropozoonosis caused by the development of the Echinococcus granulosus larva in human, is a parasitic infection that is endemic in many countries. Pericardial localization in the absence of other cardiac involvement is extremely rare. Its spontaneous evolution is serious because of the risk of rupture. We report the case of a 65-year-old patient, who received limb edema that had been going on for 4 months, and in whom the physical examination noted a 3/6 tricuspid regurgitation and a right heart failure syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed an intra-pericardial mass whose contents appeared fluid with hyperechogenic area. It measured 86x61 mm and significantly compressed the straight cavities. Thoracic computed tomography showed an appearance in favor of an aged intrapericardic hydatid cyst (GHARBI V) with mass effect on the right cavities. The hydatid serology was negative. The patient did not accept the surgical cure. She had been put on albendazole and diuretic treatment. Fatal outcome was reported after two-month follow-up.

La localisation péricardique d'Echinococcus granulosus en l'absence d'une autre atteinte cardiaque est extrêmement rare. Son évolution spontanée est grave du fait du risque de rupture du kyste hydatique. Nous rapportons le cas d'une patiente de 65 ans, reçue pour des œœdèmes des membres inferieurs qui évoluaient depuis 4 mois. L'examen physique notait un souffle d'insuffisance tricuspide 3/6 et un syndrome d'insuffisance cardiaque droite. L'échocardiographie transthoracique a objectivé une masse intra-péricardique dont le contenu paraissait liquidien avec des plages hyperéchogènes. Elle mesurait 86x61 mm et comprimait de manière importante les cavités droites. La tomodensitométrie thoracique a conclu à un aspect en faveur d'un kyste hydatique (GHARBI V) intrapéricardique vieilli avec effet de masse sur les cavités droites. La sérologie hydatique était négative. La patiente n'a pas accepté la cure chirurgicale. Elle a été mise sous albendazole et traitement diurétique. L'évolution a été fatale après deux mois de suivi.

[Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in semi-rural area in Senegal]. / Prévalence des facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaire en milieu semi-rural au Sénégal.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the semi-rural population of the community of Gueoul in Senegal. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We conducted an exhaustive survey in 2012 according to the STEPS wise approach of the world health organization against Senegalese aged of 35 years and over who resided for at least 6 months in semi-rural area in the community of Gueoul. Pregnant women were excluded. Classical cardiovascular risk factors were collected and data analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software. The significance level was agreed for a value of P<0.05. RESULTS: We examined 1411 subjects (1052 women) with a mean age of 48.5±12.68 years. The main cardiovascular risk factors were dyslipidemia (61,1%), physical inactivity (56.2%), abdominal obesity according to the International Diabetes Federation (53.9%), hypertension (46.4%), global obesity (13%), diabetes (7.2%) and smoking (2.5%). Hypertension was significantly associated with diabetes (P=0.001), abdominal obesity (P=0.001) and global obesity (P=0.0001). Sedentarity (P=0.001), global obesity (P=0.0001) and hypertension (P=0.001) were more frequent in women. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk factors are frequent and often associated in semi-rural area of Senegal, particularly in women. This condition should lead to develop prevention strategies of cardiovascular complications.

[Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement's Reults And Indications At Cadiology Department At Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec]. / Indications Et Resultats De La Mesure Ambulatoire De Pression Arterielle Au Service De Cardiologie De L'Hopital Aristide Le Dantec.

High blood pressure (HTA) is a public health problem. It affects more than one billion people around the world, more than a quarter of the world's population. In recent years the ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement) has become a valuable and widely used tool for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. The aims of this study were to determine the indications of MAPA to the cardiology department of Aristide le Dantec Hospital; to determine the results and to evaluate the blood pressure profile of our patients. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study, over 37 months from December 2010 to December 2013 covering all the results of the ABPMs recorded during this period. Was included any patient over 18 years of age with an ABPM. All ABPMs with less than 50 good measures per 24 hours were not included. RESULTS: A total of 204 MAPA results were included of a total of 307. The mean age was 49.6 ± 11.5 years with extremes of 25 years and 78 years. The sex ratio was 1.5 in favour of women. Indications were dominated by labile HTA (34.8%); masked HTA (27.9%) and suspicious of the white coat effect (12.3%). The analysis of the results showed that MAPA was normal in 49.5%. The white coat effect was found in 32% (65 patients) of ABPM. In patients with abnormal ABPM, permanent systolic-diastolic hypertension predominated (57%). HTA masked was noted in 25.7% of our patients and HTA white coat was found in 3.8% of cases. In the hypertensive patients treated, MAPA revealed a poor blood pressure balance in 42.1%. Among the HTA prognostic factors we noted32.4% of patients were "Non Dippers", a pulse pressure greater than or equal to 60 mmHg in 59%. CONCLUSION: The use of this exploration is an important aid to practitioners in the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognosis phase of the management of hypertension. It should become more important as it provides better information on the blood pressure profile for the patients.

INTRODUCTION: L'hypertension artérielle(HTA) représente un problème de santé publique. Elle concerne plus d'un milliard d'individus à travers le monde, soit plus du quart de la population mondiale. Ces dernières années la MAPA (mesure ambulatoire de la pression artérielle) est devenue un outil précieux et largement utilisé pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de l'HTA. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de déterminer les indications de la MAPA au service de cardiologie de l'hôpital Aristide le Dantec ; d'en déterminer les résultats et d'évaluer le profil tensionnel de nos patients. MÉTHODES: Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective, sur 37 mois allant de Décembre 2010 à Décembre 2013 portant sur l'ensemble des résultats des MAPA enregistrées durant cette période. Était inclus tout patient âgé de plus de 18 ans chez qui une MAPA a été enregistré Toutes les MAPA ayant moins de 50 bonnes mesures par 24 heures n'ont pas été inclus. RÉSULTATS: Au total 204 résultats de MAPA ont été inclus sur un total de 307. L'âge moyen était de 49,6 ± 11,5 ans avec des extrêmes de 25 ans et 78 ans. Le sex ratio était de 1,5 en faveur des femmes. Les indications étaient dominées par l'HTA labile (34,8%) ; l'HTA masquée (27,9%) et la recherche de l'effet blouse blanche (12,3%). L'analyse des résultats avait montré que la MAPA était normale dans 49,5% des cas. L'effet blouse blanche était retrouvé dans 32% (65 patients) des MAPA réalisées à visée diagnostique. Chez les patients dont les résultats étaient anormaux l'HTA systolo-diastolique permanente prédominait (57%) avec une différence significative (p=0,003). L'HTA masquée étaient notée chez 25,7% de nos patients et l'HTA blouse blanche était retrouvée dans 3,8% des cas. Chez les hypertendus traités, la MAPA avait révélé un mauvais équilibre tensionnel dans 42.1% des cas et cela au dépens de la systolique avec une différence significative (p=0,02). Parmi les facteurs pronostiques on retrouvait 32,4% de patients « Non Dippers ¼, une pression pulsée supérieure ou égale à 60 mm Hg dans 59%. Le caractère adrénergique était retrouvé chez 65,7% de nos patients. CONCLUSION: L'utilisation de cette exploration constitue une aide importante aux praticiens à la phase diagnostique, thérapeutique, et pronostique de la prise en charge de l'HTA. Elle devrait occuper de plus en plus de place car elle donne de meilleurs renseignements sur le profil tensionnel dans l'environnement quotidien habituel du patient.

[Congenital heart disease in adolescents and adults: Management in a general cardiology department in Senegal]. / Cardiopathies congénitales de l'adolescent et de l'adulte : prise en charge dans un service de cardiologie générale au Sénégal.

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart diseases in adults include malformations treated in childhood that decompensate secondarily and those asymptomatic at birth, appear later. This study aims to identify congenital heart diseases in adults in general cardiology department of Senegal and to assess clinical presentations, treatment and outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive study based on the records of patients aged at least 16 years and followed for congenital heart disease in the cardiology department of the General Hospital of Grand-Yoff in Dakar between May 2003 and March 2015. Diagnosis of heart disease was based on echocardiography. RESULTS: We have registered 50 dossiers of patients equivalent to a prevalence of 0.75%, with a female predominance (64%). The average age of patients was 36.2±18.4 years (16-79 years), and mean age of diagnosis was 29.76±22.58 years. Dyspnea was the main sign (60%). Main malformations were the atrial septal defect (38%), pulmonary stenosis (14%), the ventricular septal defect (12%) and patent ductus arteriosus (10%). According to the classification of Bethesda, heart disease was simple complexity (42%), intermediate (58%) or severe (10%). The treatment was medical in 43 patients and 7 patients had surgical repair. Main complications were infective endocarditis (10%), atrial fibrillation (12%), heart failure (24%) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (50%). CONCLUSION: Congenital heart diseases in adults seem underestimated in our countries. Surgical repair is rare. It is necessary to ensure a good management of the transition between pediatric and adult age.

[Left ventricular hypertrophy in black African subjects with artery hypertension: Results of a cross-sectional survey conducted in semi-rural area in Senegal]. / L'hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche chez le sujet noir Africain hypertendu : résultats d'une enquête transversale, réalisée en milieu semi-rural au Sénégal.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy according to electrocardiographic and echocardiographic criteria among hypertensive patients living in semi-rural Senegalese area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: According to the World Health Organization STEPSwise approach, we conducted, in November 2012, a cross-sectional and exhaustive study in the population aged at least 35 years old and living for at least six months in the semi-rural area of Guéoul. We researched electrocardiographic and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive subjects. Data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 software version. The significance level was agreed for a value of P<0.05. RESULTS: We examined 1411 subjects aged on average of 48.5±12.7 years. In total, 654 subjects were hypertensive and screening of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was effective in 515 of them. According to Sokolow-Lyon index, 86 subjects (16.7%) presented electrocardiographic LVH, more frequently in men (P=0.002). According to Cornell index and Cornell product, LVH was founded respectively in 66 (12.8%) and 52 subjects (10.1%), more frequently in female (P=0.0001; P=0.004). It was more common in grade 3 of hypertension however criteria. In echocardiography, prevalence of LVH was 2.2% (13 cases) according to the left ventricular mass, 9.3% (48 cases) according to the left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area and 8.2% (42 cases) according to the left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7. LVH was significantly correlated with the electrocardiographic LVH according to Sokolow-Lyon index (P<0.0001) and the grade 3 of hypertension (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: Although rare in hypertensive Senegalese living in semi-rural area, left ventricular hypertrophy is correlated with severity of grade of hypertension. Screening by electrocardiogram will allow better follow-up of these hypertensive subjects.

[Comparative Study Of Coronary Artery Disease In Diabetics And Non-Diabetics In The Department Of Cardiology Of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital]. / Etude Comparative De La Maladie Coronaire Chez Les Diabétiques Et Non Diabétiques Au Service De Cardiologie Du CHU Aristide Le Dantec.

The aim of this study was to compare the features of coronary artery disease between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case-control study was carried out from 1 May 2013 to 31 July 2015 in the department of cardiology of Aristide le Dantec university hospital. Forty-five diabetic patients and forty-five non-diabetic patients who underwent coronary angiography and / or angioplasty were included. RESULTS: There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 1.6 in both groups. The mean age was 62.26 years for diabetics and 59.06 years for non-diabetics (p = 0.6). In diabetics, symptomatology was dominated by silent ischemia (48.9%) versus typical angina pain (68.9%) in non-diabetics. Myocardial infarction was the most common indication of coronary angiography in both groups. Coronary angiography revealed one-vessel disease (46.6% versus 41.7% p = 0.822), double vessel disease (26.7% versus 41.7% p = 0.091) and triple vessel disease (26.7% versus 16.6% p = 0.561). Angioplasty was indicated in 37.8% of diabetics versus 63.9% of non-diabetics. Nine diabetic patients and three non-diabetic patients had an indication of coronary artery bypass grafting. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the greater frequency of silent ischemia and multiple-vessel disease in diabetics as well as a more frequent indication of coronary artery bypass grafting in these patients.

L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer les aspects de la maladie coronaire entre les patients diabétiques et non diabétiques. PATIENTS ET MÉTHODES: Une étude cas-témoins a été réalisée du 1er mai 2013 au 31 juillet 2015 au service de cardiologie du CHU Aristide le Dantec. Quarante cinq patients diabétiques et 45 patients non diabétiques ayant bénéficié d'une coronarographie et/ou d'une angioplastie avaient été inclus. RÉSULTATS: Nous avions retrouvé une prédominance masculine avec un sex ratio de 1,6 dans les deux groupes. L'âge moyen était de 62,26 ans pour les diabétiques et de 59,06 ans pour les non diabétiques (p=0,6). Chez les diabétiques, la symptomatologie était dominée par l'ischémie silencieuse (48,9%) et la douleur angineuse typique (68,9%) chez les non diabétiques. L'infarctus du myocarde était l'indication de la coronarographie la plus fréquente dans les deux groupes. La coronarographie retrouvait respectivement chez les diabétiques et non diabétiques une atteinte mono-tronculaire (46,6% versus 41,7% p=0,822), une atteinte bi-tronculaire (26,7% versus 41,7% p=0,091) et une atteinte tri-tronculaire (26.7% versus 16,6 % p=0,561). Une angioplastie avait été indiquée chez (37,8%) des diabétiques et (63,9%) des non diabétiques. Neuf patients diabétiques et trois patients non diabétiques avaient eu une indication de pontage coronaire. CONCLUSION: Notre étude confirme une plus grande fréquence de l'ischémie silencieuse et de l'atteinte multi tronculaire chez les diabétiques ainsi qu'une indication plus fréquente de pontage aorto coronaire.

[Cardiovascular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus in Dakar: Descriptive study about 50 cases]. / Les manifestations cardio-vasculaires au cours du lupus érythémateux systémique à Dakar : étude descriptive à propos de 50 cas.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a non-specific inflammatory disorder of an organ of unknown cause and autoimmune origin. Visceral injuries, including those cardiovascular, determine the prognosis of this disease primarily affecting women. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency and describe the cardiovascular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus in a lupus population of the Dakar region. This is a multicenter prospective study descriptive and analytical conducted in the region of Dakar (Senegal) from 14 February 2011 to 2 July 2012. Patients were either hospitalized or monitored as outpatients. Included were all patients with lupus and meeting at least four criteria of the American College of Rheumatology of lupus disease classification 1997. All patients underwent physical examination, an electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram looking for cardiovascular damage. The collected data were entered into the Epi Info version 3.5.1 and processed with SPSS 16.0 software. Quantitative variables are described in the median and the qualitative workforce, percentage and frequency. We have included 50 patients. The average age of the population was 36.18 years. A female predominance is noted with a sex ratio man/woman of 0.09. Cardiovascular functional symptoms were dominated by dyspnea stage II to IV NYHA (26%) and palpitations (22%). The physical signs we have found were mainly tachycardia (40%), spontaneous turgor of the jugular veins (29%), a muffling of the heart sounds (29%) and a infandibulopulmonairy shock (18%). The frequency of cardiovascular events was 46%. Electrical cardiac events were dominated by sinus tachycardia (40%) of repolarization disorders (16.3%) type of ischemia, injury, ischemia injury, necrosis and hypertrophy with 18% atrial and left ventricular hypertrophy each. Furthermore, one case of BAV first degree at 280 ms was recorded. We found 19 cases of pericarditis including 2 tamponade, 3 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy hyperkinesias with impaired ejection fraction less than 35% and 8 patients with mild PAH important. In systemic lupus erythematosus, cardiovascular events are worrying and may remain asymptomatic for awhile. Their research must be systematic in order to treat early.

[Prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid plaques in semi-rural Gueoul, Senegal: Survey of 1411 subjects]. / Prévalence des porteurs de plaques d'athérome carotidiennes dans la population semi-rurale de Guéoul au Sénégal : enquête sur 1411 sujets.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid plaques and association with cardiovascular risk factors and vascular diseases in a semi-rural area of Gueoul in Senegal. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study over a period of one month in 2012 in Senegalese people who were older than 35 years, and resided in semi-rural Gueoul for at least six months. Carotid plaques were measured with a portable Doppler Diadop 50(®) and defined by an intima-media thickness greater than 1.5mm. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The survey involved 1411 individuals with a sex ratio of 2.93 and an average age of 48.5 years. Prevalence of risk factors was high: dyslipidemia (61.1 %), physical inactivity (56.2 %), abdominal obesity (53.9 %), hypertension (46.4 %), obesity (12 %), diabetes (7.2 %) and smoking (2.5 %). Prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid plaques was 6.8 %, including 42.7 % with bilateral plaques. Prevalence increased with age (P=0.001), hypertension (P=0.0001), diabetes (P=0.004) and metabolic syndrome (P=0.008). There were no significant associations with the other risk factors. The presence of carotid plaques was associated with medical history of stroke (P=0.01), myocardial infarction (P=0.02) and peripheral artery obstructive disease (P=0.5). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid plaques seems weak but it is associated with many cardiovascular risk factors. It requires measures for early diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Senegal.

[Prevalence of dyslipidemia in the rural population of Gueoul (Senegal)]. / Prévalence de la dyslipidémie dans la population rurale de Guéoul (Sénégal).

INTRODUCTION: The cardiovascular risk factors are clearly increasing in developing countries. Among these factors, dyslipidemia is often found, this due to the change in behavioral and dietary habits (OMS, 2006). Dyslipidemia is a "primary or secondary pathological changes in serum lipids". It is a chronic and metabolic abnormality, characterized by persistently elevated TG, LDL-c, and a decrease in HDL (Attias et al., 2013-2014). The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and give the lipid profile of the population in Gueoul. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive observational study, cross-sectional descriptive on Senegalese aged 35 or over, living in Gueoul for at least 6 months. Lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) was systematically after 12hours of fasting. RESULTS: Dyslipidemia was found in 61.3 % of cases with 50 % pure hypercholesterolemia (n=705). Only 20 subjects (2.3 %) knew they had dyslipidemia. The detection rate was 59.8 % (n=844). The type most represented was hypoHDLemia (45.6 %) followed by hyperLDLemia (28.8 %). Triglycerides were increased in only 2.8 % of cases. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is very high in our regions. It is often associated with female gender, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Its main causes are physical inactivity, change in lifestyle and eating habits. It is often misunderstood and its management is limited in most cases to low-calorie diet.

[Study of echocardiographic parameters of rheumatoid arthritis black African without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations: A cross-sectional study of 73 cases in Senegal]. / Étude des paramètres échocardiographiques de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde noire africaine asymptomatique au plan cardiovasculaire : étude transversale de 73 cas sénégalais.

INTRODUCTION: Research of cardiac involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can prevent complications and place in a logical secondary prevention. The objective of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic parameters in a population of Senegalese patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included prospectively from outpatients in the internal medicine department of university hospital center Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar, Senegal, with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. It focused on a sample of 73 patients of both sexes aged at least 18 years. Following clinical examination, we conducted laboratory tests (CRP, fibrinogen, ESR, rheumatoid factors: Latex and Waaler-Rose, anti-CCP, antinuclear factors and anti-ENA antibodies), ECG, echocardiography standard. Data were analyzed using a descriptive study of the different variables with the calculation of proportions for categorical variables, and the positional parameters and dispersion for quantitative variables. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients with rheumatoid arthritis without obvious cardiac events and meeting the criteria of definition of the ACR 1987 were included in the study. The mean age was 44.17±14.43 years with extremes of 18 and 75 years. The mean duration of RA was 5.93±4.78 years. The concept of family inflammatory arthritis was reported in 35.60% of cases and almost one in six patients had at least a factor of cardiovascular risk (16.96%). The abnormalities found in Doppler echocardiography were dominated by diastolic LV dysfunction (42.46%), increased left ventricular mass in 35.61%. Valvular leaks of variable grades were highlighted regarding all orifices but were rarely significant. CONCLUSION: The realization of echocardiography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations helps to highlight cardiovascular abnormalities related to the natural course of the disease.

[Prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Koranic schools (daara) in Dakar: a cross-sectional study based on clinical and echocardiographic screening in 2019 school children]. / Prévalence des cardiopathies congénitales en milieu scolaire coranique (daara) à Dakar : étude transversale basée sur le dépistage clinique et échographique de 2019 élèves.

Congenital heart diseases are one of the major cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. Most prevalence studies were based on clinical examination of children with echocardiographic confirmation of suspected cases and underestimate its prevalence. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of congenital heart disease in "daara" (Koranic schools) in the city of Dakar and its suburbs on the basis of clinical examination and Doppler echocardiography in school children. This cross-sectional survey was carried out from 9(th) August to 24(th) December 2011, and included a population of 2019 school children aged 5 to 18 years in 16 selected "daaras" under the Academic Inspectorate of Dakar and its suburbs. Anamnestic, clinical and echocardiographic data were recorded in a validated questionnaire. A p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant in bivariate analysis. 2 019 school children were included out of which 60.1% were male (sex-ratio: 0.66). The average age was 9.7 years (± 3.3 years). 18 cases of congenital heart diseases were detected being a prevalence of 8.9 per 1 000 (95 % CI: 1.8 to 7.9). This included 6 cases of inter-atrial septal aneurysm, 5 cases of peri-membranous ventricular septal defects, 4 cases of patent ductusarteriosus and 3 cases of tetralogy of Fallot. Factors correlated with the presence of congenital heart disease were ageless than 8 (p <0.001) and residence in the suburbs of Dakar (p <0.001). We also detected 10 cases of rheumatic valvular disease, a prevalence of 4.9 per 1 000 (95% CI: 2.4 to 9.1). Our study shows a high prevalence of congenital heart diseases, which is almost identical to the WHO estimates and that ultrasound screening is more sensitive than clinical screening. Reducing the prevalence of these diseases requires implementation of appropriate policies, focusing on awareness and early detection.

[Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle in young patients: A propos of three cases]. / Faux anévrisme du ventricule gauche du sujet jeune : à propos de trois cas.

Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle is a rare late complication of myocardial infarction. So-called non-coronary forms have been described in young people. In this context, we report three cases. Mr. M.B., aged 20, consulted for chest pain associated with palpitations. Cardiovascular examination found a pulsatile, expanding precordial bulging and a mesocardiac systolo-diastolic murmur. We noted a sinus rhythm with ventricular extrasystoles on ECG. The chest radiograph showed cardiomegaly and aneurysmal deformation of the left lower heart border. Doppler echocardiography showed a large left ventricular apical pseudoaneurysm. Mrs. O.B., aged 23, was admitted for biventricular heart failure and in whom the examination found a systolic murmur in the apical area. ECG showed a regular sinus tachycardia, left atrial and ventricular hypertrophy. The chest radiograph showed cardiomegaly and aneurysmal deformation of left middle and lower heart borders. Doppler echocardiography showed a large left ventricular apical pseudoaneurysm. Mr. I.S., aged 24, admitted for the management of congestive heart failure. The patient had non-specific laboratory inflammatory signs, a sinus tachycardia and extrasystoles on the ECG. Chest radiography showed a discontinuation at the posterior arch of the sixth rib, a cardiomegaly and a neurismal dilatation of the left lower heart border. Doppler echocardiography showed a large apical pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle.

[Prevalence and factors related to therapeutic adherence among black African outpatients with stable coronary artery disease in a cardiology department of Dakar in Senegal]. / Prévalence et facteurs liés à l'observance thérapeutique chez des patients noirs africains coronariens stables, suivis en ambulatoire en service de cardiologie de Dakar au Sénégal.

INTRODUCTION: The management of coronary artery disease has made important progress. Adherence to therapeutic measures is a great challenge for improving the long-term prognosis. In this work, we evaluate factors related to therapeutic adherence in black African patients with stable coronary artery disease. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a survey over three months (February-May 2008) in three cardiology departments in Dakar. We studied the regularity of drug intake, the adherence to the dietary advices and the appointments for consultation as well as the factors related to adherence. Good adherence was defined by a compliance rate greater or equal to 80% and a compliance rate less than 40% defined poor adherence. RESULTS: We included 105 patients (61 men) with a mean age of 60.67±11.29 years. Good compliance was noted in 56.2% of cases for drug treatment, 42% for dietary advices and 65% for appointments for consultation. A history of acute coronary events (P=0.04), a good knowledge of the disease (P=0.03) and a healthcare (P=0.02) were the factors related to a good adherence to drug treatment, whereas ischemic cardiomyopathy was a factor for poor adherence (P=0.002). Knowledge of coronary disease was the only factor correlated with good adherence to lifestyle (P=0.014). CONCLUSION: Therapeutic adherence remains unsatisfactory in Black African patients with stable coronary artery disease, hence the importance of patient education to reach a good adherence for therapeutic, because better adherence improves long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease.

Vascular complications of infective endocarditis.

UNLABELLED: The complications of infective endocarditis (IE) are frequent and severe. Our objectives were to analyze the clinical, paraclinical, and prognostic features of IE vascular complications observed in two cardiology units, in Dakar. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 90 patients presenting with of IE, hospitalized between January 2005 and February 2011. The diagnostic criteria for IE were modified Duke University criteria. We selected in our study population, patients with vascular complications. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (18.8%) presented with one or more vascular complications of IE: eight male and nine female patients, with a mean age of 28 years. Infective endocarditis occurred on an abnormal valve in 15 cases. We identified 22 vascular lesions: ten neurological complications, seven arterial complications in the limbs, two myocardial infarctions, two cases of pulmonary embolism, and one splenic infarction. The vascular complication revealed an IE in seven cases. The vascular complication occurred during antibiotic treatment, in 15 cases including seven cases before the 14th day, nine of the 17 patients died. Death was related to vascular complications in six cases, in one case it was related to septic shock. CONCLUSION: Vascular complications of IE are frequent, the most common are neurological. Their prevention requires early and adequate management of IE.

[Quality control of antibiotics used in Senegal]. / Contrôle de la qualité de quelques molécules antibiotiques utilisées au Sénégal.

To slow the spread of bacterial resistance and promote safety in the use of medicines, development of quality control tools is indispensable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of several antibiotic agents used in Senegal and to assess the utility of the mini laboratory as a quality control tool. The mini laboratory and all materials necessary for this study were provided by the German Pharma Health Fund. A total of 34 antibiotic samples were submitted to a battery of tests including physical and visual inspection, disintegration, and thin layer chromatography designed for identification and semiquantitative evaluation. Non-conformities detected by physical and visual inspection were found mainly in products from the illicit sector (80%) but some non-conformities were also found in products from licit private sector (20%). Based on thin layer chromatography findings, non-conformities in product identity and dosage involved mainly erythromycin (45%) followed by amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin (22% each). Again this type of non-conformity was most frequent in products from the illicit sector (45%) but it was also observed in products from the private and public sectors (33% and 22% respectively). These findings show that follow-up is necessary to ensure the quality of medicines, especially antibiotics. In this study the mini laboratory was a highly useful quality control tool.

Controle de la qualite de quelques molecules antibiotiques utilisees au Senegal

Pour ralentir la propagation de la resistance bacterienne et promouvoir un usage securise des medicaments; il s'avere necessaire de developper des outils de controle et de gestion de leur qualite. Notre travail a pour objectifs d'evaluer la qualite de quelques molecules antibiotiques utilisees au Senegal et de demontrer la pertinence de l'utilisation du mini laboratoire comme outil de controle de cette qualite. Le mini-laboratoire de la German Pharma Health Fund fournit l'ensemble du materiel necessaire a l'etude.Au total; 34 echantillons d'antibiotiques ont ete soumis a une batterie de tests comportant l'inspection physique et visuelle des echantillons; le test de desagregation et la chromatographie sur couche mince pour l'identification et l'appreciation semi quantitative. Sur l'ensemble des non-conformites a l'inspection physique et visuelle; 80proviennent du secteur illicite (non officiel) et 20du secteur prive (officiel). Les non-conformites a l'identification et au dosage concernent l'erythromycine; suivie de l'amoxicilline et de la ciprofloxacine pour 22des cas chacune. Le secteur illicite est egalement le plus touche par ce type de non conformite (45); les secteurs prive et public ne sont pas non plus epargnes avec respectivement 33 et 22des echantillons non-conformes. Il est ainsi important d'assurer un suivi de la qualite desmedicaments en particulier des plus sensibles comme les antibiotiques. En cela ce mini-laboratoire peut etre d'un grand apport

[Study of the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D of powdered milk varieties sold in Dakar]. / Etude des teneurs en matiere grasse, proteines et vitamine D de varietes de lait en poudre vendu a Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: The powdered milk is a much appreciated food in Senegal. However no particular control is realized by authorities on the various marks of milk imported before their marketing. In the concern to protect the health of the consumers, but especially in front of the very big variety of the sources of supply in this product we determined the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D main variety show of marketed powdered milk Dakar. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chemical methods were operated to determine the fat contents and in proteins. The liquid chromatography in high performance was used to identify and measure the vitamin D. RESULTS: The obtained results profits showed that all the studied samples of milk had contents in fat included between 25 and 31 g %, those in proteins were included between 23 and 25 g %. As regards the dosage of the vitamin D, a single sample had content weaker than that mentioned on the packaging by the manufacturer. CONCLUSION: The results of this study allowed to notice most of the variety varieties of powdered milk marketed in Dakar were in accordance with the standards established for this food and are consequently good quality.