ABSTRACT
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated cationic channels involved in pain and other processes, underscoring the potential therapeutic value of specific inhibitors such as the three-finger toxin mambalgin-1 (Mamb-1) from snake venom. A low-resolution structure of the human-ASIC1a/Mamb-1 complex obtained by cryo-electron microscopy has been recently reported, implementing the structure of the chicken-ASIC1/Mamb-1 complex previously published. Here we combine structure-activity relationship of both the rat ASIC1a channel and the Mamb-1 toxin with a molecular dynamics simulation to obtain a detailed picture at the level of side-chain interactions of the binding of Mamb-1 on rat ASIC1a channels and of its inhibition mechanism. Fingers I and II of Mamb-1 but not the core of the toxin are required for interaction with the thumb domain of ASIC1a, and Lys-8 of finger I potentially interacts with Tyr-358 in the thumb domain. Mamb-1 does not interfere directly with the pH sensor as previously suggested, but locks by several contacts a key hinge between α4 and α5 helices in the thumb domain of ASIC1a to prevent channel opening. Our results provide an improved model of inhibition of mammalian ASIC1a channels by Mamb-1 and clues for further development of optimized ASIC blockers.
Subject(s)
Acid Sensing Ion Channels/chemistry , Acid Sensing Ion Channels/metabolism , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/pharmacology , Elapid Venoms/chemistry , Elapid Venoms/pharmacology , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/pharmacology , Acid Sensing Ion Channels/genetics , Animals , Chickens , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Elapid Venoms/genetics , Female , Pain , Peptides/genetics , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Rats , Xenopus laevisABSTRACT
Starting from the X-ray structure of our previous tripeptidic linear mimics of TMC-95A in complex with yeast 20S proteasome, we introduced new structural features to induce a differential inhibition between human constitutive and immunoproteasome 20S particles. Libraries of 24 tripeptidic and 6 dipeptidic derivatives were synthesized. The optimized preparation of 3-hydroxyoxindolyl alanine residues from tryptophan and their incorporation in peptides were described. Several potent inhibitors of human constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome acting at the nanomolar level (IC50â¯=â¯7.1â¯nM against the chymotrypsin-like activity for the best inhibitor) were obtained. A cytotoxic effect at the submicromolar level was observed against 6 human cancer cell lines.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism , Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Humans , Molecular Structure , Proteasome Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Proteasome Inhibitors/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Oxindoles substituted at N-1 by electron-withdrawing groups and at C-3 by ω-amino chains of various lengths undergo mild and easy isomerization to new 5- to 12-membered lactams in good yields (30-96%). As efficient asymmetric syntheses of diversely 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles are currently developed, this isomerization provides a new and valuable access to medium-sized lactams α-substituted with a quaternary asymmetric carbon bearing a 2-aminophenyl residue.
Subject(s)
Aniline Compounds/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Lactams/chemical synthesis , Catalysis , Lactams/chemistry , Molecular Structure , OxindolesABSTRACT
A series of Cp(2)Mo(dithiolene) and Cp(2)Mo(diselenolene) complexes containing N-alkyl-1,3-thiazoline-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate ligand (R-thiazdt, R = Me, Et, CH(2)CH(2)OH) and N-alkyl-1,3-thiazoline-2-thione-4,5-diselenolate ligand (R-thiazds, R = Me, Et) have been synthesized. These heteroleptic molybdenum complexes have been characterized by electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. They act as very good electron donor complexes with a first oxidation potential 200 mV lower than in the prototypical Cp(2)Mo(dmit) complex and exhibit almost planar MoS(2)C(2) (or MoSe(2)C(2)) metallacycles. All five complexes formed charge transfer salts with a weak (TCNQ) and a strong acceptor (TCNQF(4)), affording ten different charge-transfer salts, all with 1:1 stoichiometry. Crystal structure determinations show that the S/Se substitution in the metallacycle systematically affords isostructural salts, while the Cp(2)Mo(R-thiazdt) complexes with R equals ethyl or CH(2)CH(2)OH can adopt different structures, depending on the involvement of the hydroxyl group into intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. Magnetic susceptibility data of the salts are correlated with their structural organization, demonstrating that a face-to-face organization of the Me-thiazdt (or Me-thiazds) ligand favors a strong antiferromagnetic interaction, while the bulkier R = Et or R = CH(2)CH(2)OH substituents can completely suppress such intermolecular interactions, with the added contribution of hydrogen bonding to the solid state organization.
