13C-methacetin breath test as liver function test in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

BACKGROUND: The 13C-methacetin breath test enables the quantitative evaluation of the cytochrome P450-dependent liver function. AIM: To find out whether this breath test is sensitive in noncirrhotic patients also with chronic hepatitis C in early stages of fibrosis. METHODS: Sixty-one healthy controls and 81 patients with chronic hepatitis C underwent a 13C-methacetin breath test. In all patients, a liver biopsy was performed. The liver histology was classified according to the histology activity index-Knodell score. RESULTS: Delta over baseline values of the patients at 15 min significantly differed from controls (19.2 +/- 9.2 per thousand vs. 24.1 +/- 5.7 per thousand; P < 0.003). The cumulative recovery after 30 min in patients was 11.4 +/- 4.8% and in healthy controls 13.8 +/- 2.8% (P < 0.002). However, patients with early fibrosis (histology activity index IVB) did not differ in delta over baseline values of the patients at 15 min (23.2 +/- 7.9 per thousand vs. 22.6 +/- 7.2 per thousand; P = 0.61) or cumulative recovery (13.6 +/- 3.7% vs. 13.2 +/- 3.8%; P = 0.45) from patients with more advanced fibrosis (histology activity index IVC). Patients with clinically nonsymptomatic cirrhosis (histology activity index IVD; Child A) metabolized 13C-methacetin to a significantly lesser extent (delta over baseline values of the patients at 15 min: 8.3 +/- 4.9 per thousand; P < 0.005 and cumulative recovery after 30 min: 5.6 +/- 3.2%; P < 0.003). The 13C-methacetin breath test identified cirrhotic patients with 95.0% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity. CONCLUSION: The non-invasive 13C-methacetin breath test reliably distinguishes between early cirrhotic (Child A) and noncirrhotic patients, but fails to detect early stages of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

[Postexposure prophylaxis after occupational exposure to HBV, HCV and HIV]. / Postexpositionsprophylaxe nach beruflicher Exposition mit HBV, HCV und HIV.

After occupational exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV, the patient from whom the potentially infectious material originates (index patient) as well as the exposed person should undergo serological and, if needed, molecular screening. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis after exposure to HBV is an effective tool against infection with hepatitis B virus in unvaccinated persons. The post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be given within 24 h after exposure of an unprotected person to HBV-positive material. Once acute hepatitis B infection is diagnosed, therapy is not recommended for immunocompetent persons. At present, PEP against HCV infection is not available. Monotherapy with interferon-alpha avoids chronification in most patients suffering from acute hepatitis C. After exposure with an increased risk for transmission of HIV (percutaneous needle stick injury, cut), PEP should be recommended and can also be offered for further indications. PEP should be started as early as possible and carried out for 28 days. The recommended PEP consists of two inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase and one inhibitor of the protease.

[Postexposure prevention after occupational exposure to HBV, HCV and HIV]. / Postexpositionsprophylaxe nach beruflicher Exposition mit HBV, HCV und HIV.

After occupational exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV, the patient from whom the potentially infectious material originates (index patient) as well as the exposed person should undergo serological and, if needed, molecular screening. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis after exposure to HBV is an effective tool against infection with hepatitis B virus in unvaccinated persons. The post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be given within 24 h after exposure of an unprotected person to HBV-positive material. Once acute hepatitis B infection is diagnosed, therapy is not recommended for immunocompetent persons. At present, PEP against HCV infection is not available. Monotherapy with interferon-alpha avoids chronification in most patients suffering from acute hepatitis C. After exposure with an increased risk for transmission of HIV (percutaneous needle stick injury, cut), PEP should be recommended and can also be offered for further indications. PEP should be started as early as possible and carried out for 28 days. The recommended PEP consists of two inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase and one inhibitor of the protease.

[Post-exposure prevention after occupational exposure to HBV, HCV and HIV]. / Postexpositionsprophylaxe nach beruflicher Exposition mit HBV, HCV und HIV.

After occupational exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV, the patient from whom the potentially infectious material originates (index patient) as well as the exposed person should undergo serological and, if needed, molecular screening. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis after exposure to HBV is an effective tool against infection with hepatitis B virus in unvaccinated persons. The post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be given within 24 h after exposure of an unprotected person to HBV-positive material. Once acute hepatitis B infection is diagnosed, therapy is not recommended for immunocompetent persons. At present, PEP against HCV infection is not available. Monotherapy with interferon-alpha avoids chronification in most patients suffering from acute hepatitis C. After exposure with an increased risk for transmission of HIV (percutaneous needle stick injury, cut), PEP should be recommended and can also be offered for further indications. PEP should be started as early as possible and carried out for 28 days. The recommended PEP consists of two inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase and one inhibitor of the protease.