ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate whether exposure to different environmental lighting conditions affects the reproductive parameters of pregnant mice and the development of their offspring. Methods Fifteen pregnant albino mice were divided into three groups: light/dark, light, and dark. The animalswere euthanized on day 18 of pregnancy following the Brazilian Good Practice Guide for Euthanasia of Animals.Maternal and fetal specimens weremeasured and collected for histological evaluation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for comparison of the groups considering p ≤ 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results There was no significant difference in the maternal variables between the three groups. Regarding fetal variables, significant differences were observed in the anthropometric measures between the groups exposed to different environmental lighting conditions, with the highest mean values in the light group. The histological evaluation showed the same structural pattern of the placenta in all groups, which was within the normal range. However, evaluation of the uterus revealed a discrete to moderate number of endometrial glands in the light/dark and light groups, which were poorly developed in most animals. In the fetuses, pulmonary analysis revealed morphological features consistent with the transition from the canalicular to the saccular phase in all groups. Conclusion Exposure to different environmental lighting conditions had no influence on the reproductive parameters of female mice, while the offspring of mothers exposed to light for 24 hours exhibited better morphometric features.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar se a exposição a diferentes luminosidades no ambiente afeta parâmetros reprodutivos de camundongos fêmeas prenhas e o desenvolvimento de sua prole. Métodos Foram selecionados para o estudo 15 camundongos fêmeas albinas prenhas. Os camundongos foram separados em grupos: luz/escuro, luz e escuro. As fêmeas foram eutanasiadas no 18° dia de gestação, seguindo as recomendações do Guia Brasileiro de Boas Práticas para a Eutanásia de animais. Tanto peças maternas como fetais foram mensuradas e coletadas para avaliação histológica. Foi utilizado o teste de Análise de variantes (Anova) para comparação dos grupos, considerando estatisticamente significativo o valor de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Ao comparar as variáveis maternas entre os três grupos, não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa. Em relação às variáveis fetais, houve diferenças estatísticas entre as medidas de antropometria dos grupos submetidos a diferentes luminosidades do ambiente, com melhores valores médios no grupo luz. Histologicamente, a avaliação placentária evidenciou em todos os grupos o mesmo padrão estrutural, com todos dentro da normalidade. No entanto, a avaliação de úteros, tanto do grupo luz/escuro quanto do grupo luz,mostrou quantidade discreta amoderada de glândulas endometriais, com pouco desenvolvimento na maioria dos animais. Nos fetos, análise pulmonar evidenciou características morfológicas compatíveis com a transição da fase canalicular para sacular em todos os grupos. Conclusão As exposições a diferentes luminosidades no ambiente não influenciaram nos parâmetros reprodutivos das fêmeas, entretanto, a ninhada das mães que receberam luz em todo período apresentou melhores medidas morfométricas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Mice , Lighting/methods , Pregnancy Outcome , Time Factors , Fetal Development/radiation effects , Light , Animals, Newborn/growth & developmentABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether exposure to different environmental lighting conditions affects the reproductive parameters of pregnant mice and the development of their offspring. METHODS: Fifteen pregnant albino mice were divided into three groups: light/dark, light, and dark. The animals were euthanized on day 18 of pregnancy following the Brazilian Good Practice Guide for Euthanasia of Animals. Maternal and fetal specimens were measured and collected for histological evaluation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for comparison of the groups considering p ≤ 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the maternal variables between the three groups. Regarding fetal variables, significant differences were observed in the anthropometric measures between the groups exposed to different environmental lighting conditions, with the highest mean values in the light group. The histological evaluation showed the same structural pattern of the placenta in all groups, which was within the normal range. However, evaluation of the uterus revealed a discrete to moderate number of endometrial glands in the light/dark and light groups, which were poorly developed in most animals. In the fetuses, pulmonary analysis revealed morphological features consistent with the transition from the canalicular to the saccular phase in all groups. CONCLUSION: Exposure to different environmental lighting conditions had no influence on the reproductive parameters of female mice, while the offspring of mothers exposed to light for 24 hours exhibited better morphometric features.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a exposição a diferentes luminosidades no ambiente afeta parâmetros reprodutivos de camundongos fêmeas prenhas e o desenvolvimento de sua prole. MéTODOS: Foram selecionados para o estudo 15 camundongos fêmeas albinas prenhas. Os camundongos foram separados em grupos: luz/escuro, luz e escuro. As fêmeas foram eutanasiadas no 18° dia de gestação, seguindo as recomendações do Guia Brasileiro de Boas Práticas para a Eutanásia de animais. Tanto peças maternas como fetais foram mensuradas e coletadas para avaliação histológica. Foi utilizado o teste de Análise de variantes (Anova) para comparação dos grupos, considerando estatisticamente significativo o valor de p ≤ 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar as variáveis maternas entre os três grupos, não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa. Em relação às variáveis fetais, houve diferenças estatísticas entre as medidas de antropometria dos grupos submetidos a diferentes luminosidades do ambiente, com melhores valores médios no grupo luz. Histologicamente, a avaliação placentária evidenciou em todos os grupos o mesmo padrão estrutural, com todos dentro da normalidade. No entanto, a avaliação de úteros, tanto do grupo luz/escuro quanto do grupo luz, mostrou quantidade discreta a moderada de glândulas endometriais, com pouco desenvolvimento na maioria dos animais. Nos fetos, análise pulmonar evidenciou características morfológicas compatíveis com a transição da fase canalicular para sacular em todos os grupos. CONCLUSãO: As exposições a diferentes luminosidades no ambiente não influenciaram nos parâmetros reprodutivos das fêmeas, entretanto, a ninhada das mães que receberam luz em todo período apresentou melhores medidas morfométricas.
Subject(s)
Lighting , Pregnancy Outcome , Animals , Animals, Newborn/growth & development , Female , Fetal Development/radiation effects , Light , Lighting/methods , Mice , Pregnancy , Time FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate early variations in lymphatic circulation of the arm pre- and post-sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and conservative breast surgery by lymphoscintigraphy (LS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2005 and 2012, 15 patients underwent LS before and after the SLNB (total=30 studies). The pre-SLNB study was considered the control. Early images within twenty minutes (dynamic and static images) and delayed images within ninety minutes of arms and armpits were acquired using a gamma camera. The LS images before and after the SLNB of each patient were paired and compared to each other, evaluating the site of lymphatic flow (in the early phase) and identifying the number of lymph nodes (in the late phase). These dynamic images were subjected to additional quantitative analysis to assess the lymphatic flow rate using the slope assessed by the angular coefficient of the radioactivity × time curves in areas of interest recorded in the axillary region. The variations of lymphatic flow and the number of lymph nodes in the post-SLNB LS compared to the pre-SLNB LS of each patient were classified as decreased, sustained or increased. The clinical variables analyzed included the period between performing the SLNB and the subsequent LS imaging, age, body mass index, number of removed lymph nodes, type of surgery and whether immediate oncoplastic surgery was performed. RESULTS: The mean age was 54.53±9.03 years (36-73 years), the mean BMI was 27.16±4.16 kg/m2 (19.3-34.42), and the mean number of lymph nodes removed from each patient was 1.6±0.74 (1-3). There was significant difference in the time between surgery and the realization of LS (p=0.002; Mann-Whitney U test), but in an inverse relationship, the higher was the range, the smaller was the lymphatic flow, indicating a gradual reduction of lymphatic flow after surgery (Spearman's p=0.498, with p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Upper limb lymphatic flow gradually decreased after the SLNB and conservative breast surgery in this study, but these results are exploratory because of the small sample size. Further studies are needed to confirm and to investigate more in depth these findings.
