Anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol from biodiesel production for biogas generation: Process optimization and pilot scale operation.

Anaerobic digestion of wastes and wastewater is a complex process that can be affected by many operational parameters. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to optimize biogas production using crude glycerol (GLY) generated in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil without pretreatment or nutrient supplementation. The study was divided into two parts: the first phase consisted of an experimental design based on central composite design (CCD) with two variables (food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and cycle time) at five levels (F/M of 0.20; 0.51; 1.02; 1.53 and 2.04 gCOD/gVS; tc of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days) focusing on optimizing the biogas production from crude GLY in lab-scale batch reactors (500 mL). The second phase was conducted on a pilot-scale biodigester (1.2 m3) based on the optimized variables obtained from the CCD. The optimized results showed that the F/M ratio of 2.04 gCOD/gVS and a cycle time (tc) of 6 days reached the highest specific methane production (SMP) of 46 LCH4/kgVS. However, the highest SMP of 14.7 LCH4/kgVSd was obtained during the operation of the pilot-scale biodigester for the optimized conditions of F/M ratio of 0.23 gCOD/gSV and a tc of 7 days. Therefore, pilot-scale biogas production from crude GLY was demonstrated to be feasible without the use of nutrients or GLY pretreatment at 0.15 LGLY/m3 d.

Tratamento de esgoto sanitário de baixa carga utilizando reator compartimentado anaeróbio/aeróbio em escala piloto / Treatment of low-strength sanitary sewage using an anaerobic/aerobic baffled reactor in pilot scale

RESUMO O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de tratamento de esgoto sanitário de baixa carga orgânica em reator compartimentado anaeróbio/aeróbio (RCAA) em escala piloto. O reator, mantido em temperatura ambiente (27ºC a 30ºC), foi implantado no campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) (Bauru, SP, Brasil) e tratou esgoto sanitário com carga orgânica entre 0,06 e 0,61 kg DQO.d-1. O RCAA é composto de quatro câmaras fisicamente separadas, sendo as três primeiras anaeróbias e a quarta aeróbia, seguidas por decantador laminar. O monitoramento foi realizado durante o período de 203 dias para tempos de detenção hidráulica total (TDH) de 33, 22, 16,5 e 8,25 horas. Durante o período experimental, verificou-se remoção média de matéria orgânica, em termos de demanda química de oxigênio total (DQOTotal), de 71 a 82% no sistema completo, com valores elevados de remoção na fase anaeróbia entre 62 e 71%. Em termos de sólidos em suspensão totais (SST), o reator apresentou remoções médias em torno de 90%. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitiram um avanço no conhecimento operacional de uma alternativa biotecnológica de baixo custo, com o propósito de diminuir o impacto causado pela geração de esgotos de pequenas comunidades urbanas e rurais que ainda não contam com sistema de tratamento, e ainda possibilitar o reúso do efluente tratado.

ABSTRACT The research's main goal was to evaluate the treatment potential of low-strength sanitary sewage in an anaerobic/aerobic baffled reactor (AABR) at pilot-scale. The reactor, maintained at room temperature (27ºC to 30ºC), was deployed at Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus Bauru (SP, Brazil), and treated sanitary sewage with organic charge between 0.06 and 0.61 kgCOD.d-1. The AABR was composed by four chambers, physically separated, being the first three chambers anaerobic and the forth chamber aerobic, followed by a settling tank. The monitoration was done during 203 days for the hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 33, 22, 16.5 and 8.25 hours. During the experimental period, it was verified in the whole system a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal between 71 and 82%, with high removal rates in the anaerobic phase between 62 and 71%. In terms of total suspended solids (TSS), the reactor reached average removal around 90%. The progress reached with this research allowed to present a low cost biotechnological alternative, with the propose of solving the sewage demand derived from small urban and rural communities, and also making possible the reuse of the treated effluent.

Characterization of immobilized biomass by amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) in an anaerobic sequencing-batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) for the treatment of industrial wastewater

The performance of an anaerobic sequencing-batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR- laboratory scale- 14L )containing biomass immobilized on coal was evaluated for the removal of elevated concentrations of sulfate (between 200 and 3,000 mg SO4-2·L-1) from industrial wastewater effluents. The ASBBR was shown to be efficient for removal of organic material (between 90% and 45%) and sulfate (between 95% and 85%). The microbiota adhering to the support medium was analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The ARDRA profiles for the Bacteria and Archaea domains proved to be sensitive for the determination of microbial diversity and were consistent with the physical-chemical monitoring analysis of the reactor. At 3,000 mg SO4-2·L-1, there was a reduction in the microbial diversity of both domains and also in the removal efficiencies of organic material and sulfate.

Anaerobic treatment of sulfate-rich wastewater in an anaerobic sequential batch reactor (AnSBR) using butanol as the carbon source.

Biological sulfate reduction was studied in a laboratory-scale anaerobic sequential batch reactor (14 L) containing mineral coal for biomass attachment. The reactor was fed industrial wastewater with increasingly high sulfate concentrations to establish its application limits. Special attention was paid to the use of butanol in the sulfate reduction that originated from melamine resin production. This product was used as the main organic amendment to support the biological process. The reactor was operated for 65 cycles (48 h each) at sulfate loading rates ranging from 2.2 to 23.8 g SO(4)(2-)/cycle, which corresponds to sulfate concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1). The sulfate removal efficiency reached 99% at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1). At higher sulfate concentrations (2.0 and 3.0 g SO(4)(2-) L(-1)), the sulfate conversion remained in the range of 71-95%. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of butanol as the carbon source for the biological treatment of sulfate in an anaerobic batch reactor.

Application of molecular techniques to evaluate the methanogenic archaea and anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen with different COD:sulfate ratios in a UASB reactor.

In this paper, the microbial characteristics of the granular sludge in the presence of oxygen (3.0+/-0.7 mg O2 l(-1)) were analyzed using molecular biology techniques. The granules were provided by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) operated over 469 days and fed with synthetic substrate. Ethanol and sulfate were added to obtain different COD/SO4(2-) ratios (3.0, 2.0, and 1.6). The results of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses showed that archaeal cells, detected by the ARC915 probe, accounted for 77%, 84%, and 75% in the COD/SO(4)(2-) ratios (3.0, 2.0, and 1.6, respectively). Methanosaeta sp. was the predominant acetoclastic archaea observed by optical microscopy and FISH analyses, and confirmed by sequencing of the excised bands of the DGGE gel with a similarity of 96%. The sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (similarity of 99%) was verified by sequencing of the DGGE band. Others identified microorganism were similar to Shewanella sp. and Desulfitobacterium hafniense, with similarities of 95% and 99%, respectively. These results confirmed that the presence of oxygen did not severely affect the metabolism of microorganisms that are commonly considered strictly anaerobic. We obtained mean efficiencies of organic matter conversion and sulfate reducing higher than 74%.

Remoção de sulfato de águas residuárias industriais em reator anaeróbio de leito fixo operado em bateladas sequenciais / Sulfate removal from industrial wastewaters in fixed film anaerobic sequential batch reactor

Avaliou-se o potencial de uso reator anaeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais com biomassa imobilizada (ASBBR), em escala piloto, no tratamento de água residuária industrial contendo elevadas concentrações de sulfato. O ASBBR, com volume total de 1.2 m³, foi preenchido com carvão mineral como meio suporte para imobilização da biomassa (leito fixo). Foram aplicadas cargas de 0,15; 0,30; 0,65; 1,30 e 1,90 kg SO4-2/ciclo (ou batelada) com duração de 48 h, correspondendo, respectivamente, às concentrações de sulfato no afluente de 0,25; 0,50; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 gSO4-2.l-1. Utilizou-se etanol como doador de elétrons para a redução do sulfato. O reator foi operado à temperatura ambiente (29±8ºC), tendo sido obtidas eficiências médias na redução de sulfato entre 88 e 92 por cento em 92 ciclos (275 dias). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso de reatores ASBBR constitui-se em alternativa eficiente para a remoção de sulfatos de águas residuárias com características semelhantes às utilizadas neste trabalho.

The potential use of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) in pilot-scale for the treatment of a sulfate-rich industrial wastewater was evaluated. The pilot 1.2 m³ ASBBR reactor was filled with mineral coal for biomass immobilization (fixed film). The sulfate loading rates applied were 0.15; 0.30; 0.65; 1.30 and 1.90 kg SO4-2/cycle (or batch). Each cycle lasted 48 h. The influent concentrations were, respectively, 0.25; 0.50; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 gSO4-2.l-1. Ethanol was used as electron donor for sulfate reduction. The reactor operated at ambient temperature (29±8ºC), and the mean efficiencies of sulfate removal were in the range 88 to 92 percent in the 92 run cycles. The total operating period comprised 275 days. Based on the results obtained in this research, it could be concluded that the ASBBR can be an efficient alternative for the removal of sulfate from other industrial wastewaters with similar characteristics.

Tratamento de esgoto sanitário utilizando reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas sequenciais ( escala piloto ) / Domestic sewage treatment in pilot-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactors

Avaliou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas seqüenciais (1,2 m ) diferenciados pelo tipo de imobilização de biomassa, na forma de suporte inerte e de biomassa granular no tratamento de esgoto sanitário do Campus da USP de São Carlos. O monitoramento ao longo de 70 dias de operação revelou similaridade no comportamento das configurações ensaiadas, que apresentaram eficiências médias de remoção de DQO e sólidos suspensos ao redor de 60 por cento e 75 por cento, respectivamente. Por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular constatou-se diferenças na comunidade bacteriana nos reatores no 35º e 70º dias de operação, indicando que a imobilização de biomassa selecionou populações bacterianas diferentemente. Em relação ao domínio Archaea houve maior similaridade, provavelmente, pelo fato desses microrganismos utilizarem substratos específicos ao final do processo anaeróbio.