ABSTRACT
This study discusses the composition and structure determination of a new multicomponent system from antiinflammatory natural ingredients, consisting of piperine (Pip) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), named Pip-HBA. In addition, this research studied its solubility and anti-inflammatory activity. After screening the stoichiometric proportions, this multicomponent system formation reaction was carried out using the solvent-dropped grinding and evaporation methods. Characterizations using solid analysis including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirmed the formation of Pip-HBA. These multicomponent systems showed different thermograms and diffractograms. Furthermore, the FTIR spectrum of Pip-HBA multicomponent system differs from the physical mixture and its constituent components. Single crystal diffractometry (SCXRD) determined Pip-HBA to be a new multicomponent system structure in three dimensions. Pip-HBA showed increased solubility and anti-inflammatory activity compared to single piperine. Therefore, Pip-HBA multicomponent system has quite potential for further preparation development.
ABSTRACT
Chitosan is a functional polymer in the pharmaceutical field, including for nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Chitosan-based nanoparticles are a promising carrier for a wide range of therapeutic agents and can be administered in various routes. Solubility is the main problem for its production and utilization in large-scale industries. Chitosan modifications have been employed to enhance its solubility, including chemical modification. Many reviews have reported the chemical modification but have not focused on the specific characteristics obtained. This review focused on the modification to improve chitosan solubility. Additionally, this review also focused on the application of chitosan derivatives in nanoparticle drug delivery systems since very few similar reviews have been reported. The specific method for chitosan derivative-based nanoparticles was also reported and the latest report of chitosan, chitosan derivative, and chitosan toxicity were also described.
ABSTRACT
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the joints caused by fluid and cartilage matrix component reduction. This disease results in symptoms of pain, deformity, and limitation of movement. In general, OA is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and chondroprotection compounds, includes natural nutraceutical ingredients, which are expected to be effective and have minimal side effects. Arecaceae plants are widely spread worldwide, especially in tropical areas. The objective of this review is to collect information about the Arecaceae family as anti-OA agents, with the main study focusing on the primary and secondary metabolites of plants of the Arecaceae family, i.e., sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), and betel nut (Areca catechu) have potential as anti-OA agents. The Arecaceae's metabolites that show anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects are galactomannan, fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids), flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, isorhamnetin), phenolics (coumaric acid, ferulic acid), polyphenols (epicatechin), and steroids (stigmasterol, campesterol, spirostane). Based on the reports, the Arecaceae family plants become worthy of being explored and developed into natural anti-OA products, such as supplements or nutraceuticals.
