Subject(s)
Community Networks/organization & administration , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Community Networks/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Evidence-Based Medicine , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Patient Care Team/economics , Quality Assurance, Health CareABSTRACT
The aims of the study were to test the hypotheses that some symptoms of starvation/severe dietary restraint are interpreted by patients with eating disorders in terms of control. Sixty-nine women satisfying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV edition (DSM-IV) criteria for a clinical eating disorder and 107 controls participated in the study. All the participants completed an ambiguous scenarios paradigm, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Significantly more eating disorder patients than non clinical participants interpreted the starvation/dietary restraint symptoms of hunger, heightened satiety, and dizziness in terms of control. The data give further support to the recent cognitive-behavioural theory of eating disorders suggesting that eating disorder patients interpret some starvation/dietary restraint symptoms in terms of control.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Psychological Theory , Starvation/psychology , Adult , Body Mass Index , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Feeding and Eating Disorders/therapy , Female , Humans , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop a dietary questionnaire on food habits, eating behaviour and nutrition knowledge of adolescents and to examine its reliability. DESIGN: A cross-sectional baseline survey. The questionnaire was self-administered to study participants twice with 7 days between each administration. SETTING: A school community in Pavia, Italy. SUBJECTS: A group of students (n=72, aged 14-17 y, both sexes) studying in a secondary school in the second year of the course were invited to compile a dietary questionnaire during school time. Informed written consent was obtained from each subject and their parents. Subjects were initially recruited for a nutrition intervention; recruitment was opportunistic and school based. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Reliability was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha and the Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha ranges from a minimum of 0.55 to a maximum of 0.75, indicating that only two sections have a poor internal consistency. The Pearson correlation coefficients range from a minimum of 0.78 to a maximum of 0.88, indicating a very good temporal stability of the questionnaire. All the Pearson correlation coefficients are statistically significant with P<0.01. CONCLUSIONS: The present questionnaire has the potential to measure the effects of nutrition interventions on adolescents because of its stability in making comparisons over time. The instruments is low in cost and easy to administer and analyse; moreover, it could be modified appropriately to fit the needs of other populations as well.
Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior/psychology , Adolescent , Attitude to Health , Diet Surveys , Female , Humans , Italy , Life Style , Male , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
In the Western Highlands of Scotland there is a very high incidence of alimentary cancers in cattle. The carcinomas of the upper alimentary canal are found in association with virus-induced benign papillomas, and transformation of papillomas to carcinomas has been observed. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the progression to malignancy is due to the interplay between the virus, bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4), and carcinogen(s) present in bracken fern, which infests the marginal upland grazing grounds. The carcinomas are often accompanied by adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lower bowels. To elucidate the role of the virus in the transformation process, we have analysed several malignancies of the alimentary canal, and have detected the viral genome in only one case of transforming papilloma of the oesophagus and one case of carcinoma of the tongue. We conclude that, although required for the induction of papillomas, the presence of the BPV-4 DNA is not necessary for the progression to, or the maintenance of, the transformed state.
Subject(s)
Bovine papillomavirus 1/genetics , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , DNA, Viral/genetics , Digestive System Neoplasms/veterinary , Papilloma/veterinary , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Animals , Bovine papillomavirus 4 , Cattle , Digestive System Neoplasms/microbiology , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Papilloma/microbiologyABSTRACT
Fibropapillomatosis of the upper alimentary canal of cattle is described. The tumors, found in the esophagus, esophageal groove, and rumen, showed involvement of the subepithelial fibroblasts as well as of the squamous epithelial layer. Although the fibropapilloma cells harbored multiple episomal copies of the genome of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) easily detected by hybridization techniques, no mature virus could be isolated from these lesions or seen by electron microscopy, and no viral antigen could be detected by immunohistochemical methods. It would appear, therefore, that within the limitations of the techniques employed the alimentary canal epithelium and the underlying fibroblasts, while allowing BPV-2 DNA replication, are nonpermissive for the expression of the viral vegetative functions and that transformation of the epithelial cells, like transformation of fibroblasts, can take place in the absence of infectious viral progeny.
